{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:25:31Z","timestamp":1791267931453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate olfaction in general population, prevalence of olfactory dysfunction and related risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional population-based survey, distributing four microencapsulated odorants (rose, banana, musk and gas) and two self-administered questionnaires (odour description; epidemiology\/health status).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The survey was distributed to general population through a bilingual (Catalan, Spanish) newspaper in Catalonia (Spain), on December 2003.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Newspaper readers of all ages and gender; 9348 surveys were analysed from the 10\u2005783 returned.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Characteristics of surveyed population, olfaction by age and gender, smell self-perception and smell impairment risk factors. Terms normosmia, hyposmia and anosmia were used when participants detected, recognised or identified all four, one to three or none of the odours, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Survey profile was a 43-year-old woman with medium\u2013high educational level, living in a city. Olfaction was considered normal in 80.6% (detection), 56% (recognition\/memory) and 50.7% (identification). Prevalence of smell dysfunction was 19.4% for detection (0.3% anosmia, 19.1% hyposmia), 43.5% for recognition (0.2% anosmia, 43.3% hyposmia) and 48.8% for identification (0.8% anosmia, 48% hyposmia). Olfaction was worse (p&lt;0.0001) in men than in women through all ages. There was a significant age-related smell detection decline however smell recognition and identification increased up to fourth decade and declined after the sixth decade of life. Risk factors for anosmia were: male gender, loss of smell history and poor olfactory self-perception for detection; low educational level, poor self-perception and pregnancy for recognition; and older age, poor self-perception and history of head trauma and loss of smell for identification. Smoking and exposure to noxious substances were mild protective factors for smell recognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sense of smell in women is better than in men suggesting a learning process during life with deterioration in older ages. Poor self-perception, history of smell loss, head trauma and pregnancy are potential risk factors for olfactory disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T23:25:18Z","timestamp":1352330718000},"page":"e001256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":183,"title":["Furthering the understanding of olfaction, prevalence of loss of smell and risk factors: a population-based survey (OLFACAT study)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Mullol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Rinologia i Cl\u00ednica de l'Olfacte, Servei d'Otorinolaringologia, Hospital Cl\u00ednic i Universitari. Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Immunoal.l\u00e8rgia Respirat\u00f2ria Cl\u00ednica i Experimental, Institut d'Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS). 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