{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:20:15Z","timestamp":1781846415993,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To clarify the factors affecting \u2018postmortem interval until finding\u2019 (PMI-f) among elderly unexpected death cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All area of Yamagata prefecture in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Entering subjects were 5675 elderly cases with age of \u226565\u2005years selected from all 9002 cases of unexpected death from 2002 to 2007 in Yamagata prefecture between 2002 and 2007. Our final study subjects consisted of 3387 cases sampled with several criteria to assess the factors to prolong PMI-f.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcome was the postmortem interval until finding (PMI-f) as the time from death until finding the body which we defined in this study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u2018Living alone\u2019 showed the highest adjusted HR (3.73, 95% CI 3.37 to 4.13), also \u2018unnatural death\u2019 (1.50, 1.28 to 1.75), \u2018found at own home\u2019 (1.37, 1.22 to 1.55) and \u2018younger subjects\u2019 (0.99, 0.98 to 0.99). In the model including interactions with the household situation, we found \u2018male subjects living alone\u2019 and \u2018female subjects living with family\u2019 tended to be found later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PMI-f is an effective outcome for quantitative analyses of risk of bodies left. To prevent the elderly dead bodies left for long time, it is necessary to keep regular home-based contact with elderly individuals living alone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,30]],"date-time":"2012-09-30T20:39:02Z","timestamp":1349037542000},"page":"e001280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Factors that prolong the \u2018postmortem interval until finding\u2019 (PMI-f) among community-dwelling elderly individuals in Japan: analysis of registration data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Health Services Research, Doctoral Program in Human Care Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"},{"name":"6Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanako","family":"Tamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Health Services Research, Doctoral Program in Human Care Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideto","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Forensic Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4School of Public Health, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoji","family":"Sakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Suginami Public Health Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayo","family":"Kashiwagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Health Services Research, Doctoral Program in Human Care Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoru","family":"Miyaishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Annual Health, Labor and Welfare Report Part 1 \u201cSupports for Independence in Order to Stabilize Living and Society.\u201d http:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/za\/0825\/c04\/c04.html (accessed 31 Mar \u00a02011). (in Japanese)"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.2","unstructured":"Nakazawa T , Shukutoku University solitary-death research group. Apartments and solitary death. Tokyo: Chuohoki Publishing, 2008. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.3","unstructured":"Nobel J . Japan's \u2018Lonely Deaths\u2019: A business opportunity. Tokyo: Time Inc., 2010."},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.4","unstructured":"Kim K. Lonely life, solitary death. Seoul: Korean Herald, 2011."},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03216.x","article-title":"Solitary death: a new problem of an aging society in Japan","volume":"59","author":"Fukukawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.6","first-page":"20","article-title":"Unexpected death statistics according to classification of households: survey of solitary-death statistics in the Tokyo metropolitan area","volume":"57","author":"Kanewaku","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Health Welf Stat"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.7","first-page":"34","article-title":"The realities of solitary death in Yamagata Prefecture","volume":"1","author":"Osawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn Med Assoc Mag Police"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.8","first-page":"1","article-title":"The realities and background factors of senior citizen deaths in autopsy cases of so-called solitary-deaths","volume":"56","author":"Matsuzawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Health Wel Stat"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.9","unstructured":"NHK special crew Sasaki T . Alone, dying with nobody\u2014a sudden increasing of solitary death and preventions. Tokyo: Hankyu Communications Co., Ltd. 2007. (in Japanese)"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.10","first-page":"959","article-title":"A nationwide survey of Japanese municipalities on solitary deaths and countermeasures","volume":"58","author":"Fukukawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nihon Koshu Eisei Zasshi"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.11","first-page":"1873","article-title":"Sudden death and solitary death in aged individuals","volume":"29","author":"Fukunaga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn J Acute Med"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.12","first-page":"227","article-title":"Epidemiological study of \u201csolitary deaths\u201d and regional differences between Yamagata prefecture and Tokyo metropolitan area","volume":"52","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Houigaku no Jissai to Kenkyu"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606273342606"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.14","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. Japan censuses result in 2010. The basic statistics 2011. http:\/\/www.stat.go.jp\/data\/kokusei\/2010\/kihon1\/pdf\/gaiyou1.pdf. (accessed 26 Jan 2012)."},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.15","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare. Population, Live births, Deaths, Infant deaths, Neonatal deaths, Natural change, Foetal deaths, Perinatal deaths, Marriages, Divorces. Summary of Vital Statistics 2012. http:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/english\/database\/db-hw\/populate\/dl\/01.pdf. (accessed 9 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3143\/geriatrics.45.274","article-title":"Gender issues in elderly care and possible solutions","volume":"45","author":"Tamiya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"2025120519095599000_2.5.e001280.17","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Conference Report about the Promotion of Elderly Community-making (Aimed at \u201cZero Solitary Deaths\u201d) and the ability to live alone with relief. http:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/houdou\/2008\/03\/h0328-8.html. (accessed 31 Mar 2011). (in Japanese)"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001280","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T03:10:09Z","timestamp":1764990609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001280"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001280"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001280","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012]]}}}