{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:09:54Z","timestamp":1774530594314,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Policing is generally considered a high-risk profession for the development of mental health problems, but this assumption lacks empirical evidence. Research question of the present study is to what extent mental health disturbances, such as (very) severe symptoms of anxiety, depression and hostility are more prevalent among police officers than among other occupational groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multicomparative cross-sectional study using the data of several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two samples of police officers (N=144 and 503), employees of banks (N=1113) and employees of banks who were robbed (N=144); employees of supermarkets (N=335), and a psychiatric hospital (N=219), employees of a governmental social welfare organisation (N=76), employees who followed a training based on rational-motive therapy to strengthen their assertiveness (N=710), soldiers before deployment (N=278) and before redeployment (N=236) and firefighters (N=123). The numbers refer to respondents with complete data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prevalence of severe (subclinical level) and very severe symptoms (clinical level) were computed using the Dutch norm tables (80th percentile and 95th percentile, respectively) of the Symptom Check List Revised (SCL-90-R). All comparisons were controlled for age, gender and education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multivariate logistic regression and analyses showed that the prevalence of clinical and subclinical levels of symptoms of anxiety, depression and hostility among police officers were not significantly higher than among comparison groups. The same pattern was found for the other SCL-90-R subscales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no indications that self-reported mental health disturbances were more prevalent among police officers than among groups of employees that are not considered high-risk groups, such as employees of banks, supermarkets, psychiatric hospital and soldiers before deployment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T20:14:00Z","timestamp":1359144840000},"page":"e001720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Police officers: a high-risk group for the development of mental health disturbances? A cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Peter G","family":"van der Velden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychotrauma, Diemen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"INTERVICT, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur R","family":"Rademaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Mental Health Research Center and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Vermetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Military Mental Health Research Center and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Anne","family":"Portengen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational health services ARBOUNIE, Dordrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joris C","family":"Yzermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Grievink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-1-26"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181b975f8","article-title":"Routine work environment stress and PTSD symptoms in police officers","volume":"197","author":"Maguen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1108\/13639519810206664","article-title":"Traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder in the New Zealand police","volume":"21","author":"Stephens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Policing"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.4","first-page":"25","article-title":"Associations between major life events, traumatic incidents, and depression among Buffalo police officers","volume":"9","author":"Hartley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Ment Health"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019158","article-title":"Confrontations with aggression and mental health problems in police officers: the role of organizational stressors, life-events and previous mental health problems","volume":"2","author":"van der Velden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1108\/13639510210429446","article-title":"Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police","volume":"25","author":"Liberman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Policing"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.7","first-page":"199","article-title":"An evaluation of traumatic and organizational experiences on the psychological health of New Zealand police recruits","volume":"28","author":"Huddleston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940510579803","article-title":"The experience of work-related stress across occupations","volume":"20","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Manag Psychol"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00578.x","article-title":"Police stress and well-being: integrating personality, coping and daily work experiences","volume":"68","author":"Hart","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Occup Organ Psychol"},{"key":"2025121515063088000_3.1.e001720.10","unstructured":"van der Velden PG Grievink L Dusseldorp A . 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