{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:01:27Z","timestamp":1773075687361,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to determine whether exposure to a volcanic eruption was associated with increased prevalence of physical and\/or mental symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort, with non-exposed control group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions constitute a major public-health threat. The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull exposed residents in southern Iceland to continuous ash fall for more than 5\u2005weeks in spring 2010. This study was conducted during November 2010\u2013March 2011, 6\u20139\u2005months after the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult (18\u201380\u2005years of age) eruption-exposed South Icelanders (N=1148) and a control population of residents of Skagafj\u00f6r\u00f0ur, North Iceland (N=510). The participation rate was 72%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical symptoms in the previous year (chronic), in the previous month (recent), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) measured psychological morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The likelihood of having symptoms during the last month was higher in the exposed population, such as; tightness in the chest (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.1 to 5.8), cough (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.7 to 3.9), phlegm (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.2), eye irritation (OR 2.9; 95% CI 2.0 to 4.1) and psychological morbidity symptoms (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.7). Respiratory symptoms during the last 12\u2005months were also more common in the exposed population; cough (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.6 to 2.9), dyspnoea (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.3), although the prevalence of underlying asthma and heart disease was similar. Twice as many in the exposed population had two or more symptoms from nose, eyes or upper-respiratory tract (24% vs 13%, p&lt;0.001); these individuals were also more likely to experience psychological morbidity (OR 4.7; 95% CI 3.4 to 6.5) compared with individuals with no symptoms. Most symptoms exhibited a dose\u2013response pattern within the exposed population, corresponding to low, medium and high exposure to the eruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>6\u20139\u2005months after the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption, residents living in the exposed area, particularly those closest to the volcano, had markedly increased prevalence of various physical symptoms. A portion of the exposed population reported multiple symptoms and may be at risk for long-term physical and psychological morbidity. Studies of long-term consequences are therefore warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,9]],"date-time":"2012-11-09T20:14:30Z","timestamp":1352492070000},"page":"e001851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Health effects following the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcanic eruption: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Hanne Krage","family":"Carlsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Ume\u00e5, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arna","family":"Hauksdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Unnur Anna","family":"Valdimarsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorarinn","family":"G\u00edslason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali - The National University Hospital of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunnlaug","family":"Einarsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Environmental Quality, The Environment Agency of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halldor","family":"Runolfsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Health, MAST\u2014Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority, Selfoss, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haraldur","family":"Briem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Security and Communicable Disease Control, The Directorate of Health, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ragnhildur Gudrun","family":"Finnbjornsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sigurdur","family":"Gudmundsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thorir Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Kolbeinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Care Institution of South Iceland, Selfoss, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Throstur","family":"Thorsteinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Natural Resources & Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"P\u00e9tursd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainability Studies, University of Iceland, Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121219534280000_2.6.e001851.1","unstructured":"Guha-Sapir D Vos F Below R . 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