{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T17:33:14Z","timestamp":1773768794429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we aimed to determine the performance characteristics of toluidine red unheated serum test on cerebrospinal fluids (CSF-TRUST) as compared to venereal disease research laboratory test on cerebrospinal fluids (CSF-VDRL) for laboratory the diagnosis of neurosyphilis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) clinics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      CSF and serum samples were collected from 824 individual STD clinic patients who have syphilis and are suspected to progress to neurosyphilis within a 9-month period. CSF-VDRL and CSF-TRUST were performed parallelly on the same day when collected.\n                      <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      particle agglutination (TPPA) tests were also performed on the CSF and the serum samples, and biochemical analysis of the CSF samples was also performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall agreement between CSF-TRUST and CSF-VDRL was 97.3%. The reactive ratios of the CSF samples were 22.1% by CSF-TRUST and 24.8% by CSF-VDRL, respectively. All CSF-TRUST-reactive cases were reactive in the CSF-VDRL. Twenty-two samples with CSF-TRUST-negative were tested CSF-VDRL-reactive with low titres (1\u2009:\u20091 to 1\u2009:\u20094). Over 97% of the double-reactive CSF samples (CSF-VDRL and CSF-TRUST) had an identical titre or a titre within a two-fold difference. The agreement of CSF-TPPA and CSF-VDRL was 71.9%. Similarly, the agreement of CSF-TPPA and CSF-TRUST was 69.2%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results revealed that CSF-TRUST could be used as an option for CSF examination in settings without CSF-VDRL in place.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]],"date-time":"2013-02-21T20:42:28Z","timestamp":1361479348000},"page":"e002204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Comparing the performance characteristics of CSF-TRUST and CSF-VDRL for syphilis: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Weiming","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lai-King","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-009-0019-1"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.2","unstructured":"Patrick RM Ellen JB James HJ . eds. Treponema and other human host-associated spirochetes. In: Manual of clinical microbiology. 9th edn. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2007:987\u20131003."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.3","unstructured":"Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization. The global elimination of congenital syphilis: rationale and strategy for action. Geneva: WHO, 2007."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.4","first-page":"27","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines","volume":"59","author":"Ronald","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.5","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.sfda.gov.cn (accessed \u00a028 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.5.1141-1145.1983","article-title":"Toluidine red unheated serum test, a nontreponemal test for syphilis","volume":"18","author":"Pettit","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.7","unstructured":"Wang Q Zhang G , eds. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. National Center for STD Control, China CDC. Shanghai, China: Shanghai scientific & Technical Publishers. 2007."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2011-050247"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.9","unstructured":"Becton, Dickinson Co., Maryland, USA. http:\/\/www.bd.com\/ (accessed 28 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.10","unstructured":"Larsen SA Pope V Johnson RE . A manual of tests for syphilis. 9th edn. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 1998."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.11","unstructured":"Shanghai Rongsheng Biotech Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China. http:\/\/www.rsbio.com (accessed 28 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.12","unstructured":"Diagnostics, Inc. Japan. http:\/\/www.fdi.com\/index.html (accessed 28 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.13","unstructured":"Ye YW . National guide to clinical laboratory procedures. 3rd edn. Medical administration department of Ministry of Public Health, China. Nanjing, China: Southeast University Press, 2 Nov, 2006."},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.14","first-page":"227","article-title":"The incorrect use of Chi-square analysis for paired data","volume":"24","author":"Hoffman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008510"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1983.tb02130.x","article-title":"Asymptomatic neurosyphilis","volume":"22","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591534"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/382532"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.3.434-437.1984","article-title":"Interlaboratory comparison of the toluidine red unheated serum test antigen preparation","volume":"20","author":"Parham","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181f42093"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31824c0e62"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31824b1cde"},{"key":"2025121408332671000_3.2.e002204.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20254"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T16:33:32Z","timestamp":1765730012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}