{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T16:10:22Z","timestamp":1715789422981},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>(GC) and<jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>(CT) can facilitate transmission of HIV. Men who have sex with men (MSM) may harbour infections at genital and extragenital sites. Data regarding extragenital GC and CT infections in military populations are lacking. We examined the prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic GC and CT infection among this category of HIV-infected military personnel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional cohort study (pilot).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infectious diseases clinic at a single military treatment facility in San Diego, CA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ninety-nine HIV-positive men were evaluated\u201479% men who had sex with men, mean age 31\u2005years, 36% black and 33% married. Inclusion criteria: male, HIV-infected, Department of Defense beneficiary. Exclusion criteria: any symptom related to the urethra, pharynx or rectum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>GC and CT screening results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-four per cent were infected with either GC or CT. Rectal swabs were positive in 18% for CT and 3% for GC; pharynx swabs were positive in 8% for GC and 2% for CT. Only one infection was detected in the urine (GC). Anal sex (p=0.04), male partner (OR 7.02, p=0.04) and sex at least once weekly (OR 3.28, p=0.04) were associated with infection. Associated demographics included age &lt;35\u2005years (OR 6.27, p=0.02), non-Caucasian ethnicity (p=0.03), &lt;3\u2005years since HIV diagnosis (OR 2.75, p=0.04) and previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) (OR 5.10, p=0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found a high prevalence of extragenital GC\/CT infection among HIV-infected military men. Only one infection was detected in the urine, signalling the need for aggressive three-site screening of MSM. Clinicians should be aware of the high prevalence in order to enhance health through comprehensive STI screening practices.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,22]],"date-time":"2013-06-22T00:17:42Z","timestamp":1371860262000},"page":"e002775","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prevalence and factors associated with asymptomatic gonococcal and chlamydial infection among US Navy and Marine Corps men infected with the HIV: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Robert J","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver N","family":"Refugio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nehkonti","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin P","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark D","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harold L","family":"Groff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan C","family":"Maves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary F","family":"Bavaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy F","family":"Crum-Cianflone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051504382607000_3.5.e002775.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02190-9"},{"key":"2024051504382607000_3.5.e002775.2","first-page":"33","article-title":"The role of sexually transmitted diseases in HIV transmission. 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