{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T04:48:04Z","timestamp":1764305284034},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare obese versus non-obese Jamaican adolescents\u2019 risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs); and to explore a suitable and economical method of screening for these risk factors in the school settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A descriptive cross-sectional study of adolescents\u2019 risk for T2D and CVD. All the participants were examined at their respective schools.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Jamaica, West Indies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>276 Jamaican adolescents aged 14\u201319\u2005years, randomly selected from grades 9 to 12 from 10 high schools on the island and included both boys and girls. All ethnicities on the island were represented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>High fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, family history of obesity, T2D and CVDs, low physical activity, and presence of Acanthosis Nigricans. All blood measures were analysed using the finger prick procedure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, Acanthosis Nigricans, total cholesterol, family history of T2D and blood pressure were the strongest predictors of BMI (p=0.001). Over one-third of the participants were overweight. Jamaican adolescent females had a significantly higher number of risk factors and were less physically active than males (p&lt;0.05). Over 80% of participants reported \u22653 risk factors for T2D and CVD. Participants with BMI \u226525 reported five or more risk factors. One-third of the overweight participants were classified with metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Jamaican adolescents are at risk of T2D and CVD. Family history of disease and anthropometric measures identified more participants at risk than did the blood measures. Jamaican adolescent females reported more risk factors for T2D and CVD as compared to males. Collection of this type of data was feasible within the school settings. All data were collected in 1\u2005day per school. Intervention measures are needed to educate Jamaican adolescents to reduce overweight and subsequently the risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T04:23:24Z","timestamp":1373603004000},"page":"e002817","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A cross-sectional study of Jamaican adolescents\u2019 risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Sheila C","family":"Barrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma G","family":"Huffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulette","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Campa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalip","family":"Ragoobirsingh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803065","article-title":"Clinical presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Reinehr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2005.08.009","article-title":"Understanding the development and prevention of type 2 diabetes in youth (part I)","volume":"20","author":"Berry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.3","unstructured":"Gilchrist C . Too much junk food\u2014over 10,000 children with diabetes. The Gleaner 5 April 2012; http:\/\/jamaica-gleaner.com\/gleaner\/20120405\/cook\/cook4.html (accessed 4 Feb 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2005.09.005","article-title":"Evidence for identifying children at risk for being overweight, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes in primary care","volume":"20","author":"McGillis-Bindler","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.1175"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi272"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2004.00303.x","article-title":"Obesity in the Caribbean: the Jamaican experience","volume":"6","author":"Ragoobirsingh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601564"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-307"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802584"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2002.107"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.12","unstructured":"Report of the Caribbean Commission on Health and Development. http:\/\/jamaica-gleaner.com\/gleaner\/20070829\/carib\/carib4.html (accessed 4 Feb 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.13","first-page":"20 UTC","article-title":"PAHO representative highlights chilling effects of non-communicable diseases","volume":"15","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2008","journal-title":"Jamaica Information Service"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1997.0483"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39238.399444.55"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2003.01229.x"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.1.1"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.106.25.3143","article-title":"Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report","volume":"106","author":"Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02106.x"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199710000-00011"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801742"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.10.1655"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.2.345"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2004.12.012","article-title":"The care of children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes","volume":"20","author":"McKnight-Menci","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.2012"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.162.6.566"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2481","article-title":"Is there a single underlying factor for the metabolic syndrome in adolescents?","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2007.10.049"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.207.21"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.31","unstructured":"EDITORIAL\u2014Health Ministry's warning on teen obesity. The Jamaican Daily Gleaner. Thursday 28 June 2007."},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.10.1161","article-title":"Low family income and food insufficiency in relation to overweight in US children: is there a paradox?","volume":"155","author":"Alaimo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441801"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.678"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1412"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.9.2204"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802716"},{"key":"2024051504395928000_3.7.e002817.38","unstructured":"Blakely T Hales S Wilson N . Distribution of risk factors by poverty. In: Ezzati M Lopez AD Rodgers A Murray CJL , eds. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004:1941\u20132127."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T15:37:52Z","timestamp":1715787472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002817","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}