{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:29:02Z","timestamp":1792031342457,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We reviewed the epidemiology of HIV and selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSWs) in WHO-defined Europe. There were three objectives: (1) to assess the prevalence of HIV and STIs (chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhoea); (2) to describe structural and individual-level risk factors associated with prevalence and (3) to examine the relationship between structural-level factors and national estimates of HIV prevalence among FSWs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search of published and unpublished literature measuring HIV\/STIs and risk factors among FSWs, identified through electronic databases published since 2005. \u2018Best\u2019 estimates of HIV prevalence were calculated from the systematic review to provide national level estimates of HIV. Associations between HIV prevalence and selected structural-level indicators were assessed using linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Studies reviewed<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 1993 papers identified in the search, 73 peer-reviewed and grey literature documents were identified as meeting our criteria of which 63 papers provided unique estimates of HIV and STI prevalence and nine reported multivariate risk factors for HIV\/STI among FSWs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV in Europe remains low among FSWs who do not inject drugs (&lt;1%), but STIs are high, particularly syphilis in the East and gonorrhoea. FSWs experience high levels of violence and structural risk factors associated with HIV, including lack of access to services and working on the street. Linear regression models showed HIV among FSWs to link with injecting drug use and imprisonment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings show that HIV\u00a0prevention interventions should be nested inside strategies that address the social welfare of sex workers, highlighting in turn the need to target the social determinants of health and inequality, including regarding access to services, experience of violence and migration. Future epidemiological and intervention studies of HIV among vulnerable populations need to better systematically delineate how microenvironmental and macroenvironmental factors combine to increase or reduce HIV\/STI risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T13:34:57Z","timestamp":1374759297000},"page":"e002836","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Factors mediating HIV risk among female sex workers in Europe: a systematic review and ecological analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Platt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Jolley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Hope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisher","family":"Latypov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global Report. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2012. http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/media\/unaids\/contentassets\/documents\/epidemiology\/2012\/gr2012\/20121120_UNAIDS_Global_Report_2012_en.pdf"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jolley E Rhodes T Platt L . HIV among people who inject drugs in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia: a systematic review with implications for policy. BMJ Open 2012;2:e001465. doi:10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-00146.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001465"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2010. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2011."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181728a9e"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000543"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.7","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Mapping of HIV\/STI behavioural surveillance in Europe. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2009."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.8","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Implementing the Dublin declaration on partnership to fight HIV\/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia: 2010 progress report. Stockholm: ECDC, 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.9","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2011. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2012."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66828-6"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.12.002"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67732-X"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.12.024"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2939"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.1997.tb01770.x","article-title":"Psychological distress among female sex workers","volume":"21","author":"Boyle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2001.00857.x"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.10.024","article-title":"The health of female sex workers from three industry sectors in Queensland, Australia","volume":"68","author":"Seib","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60743-X"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019048"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2008.11.003","article-title":"Understanding the social determinants of behaviours: can new methods help?","volume":"20","author":"Diez Roux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2011.049544"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200404010-00011"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.09.070185"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.25","unstructured":"Walmsley R . World prison population list. 7th edn. International Centre for Prison Studies, 2009."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/B:EJEP.0000020443.29480.d0","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV, HTLV-I and HTLV-II among female sex workers in Spain, 2000\u20132001","volume":"19","author":"Belza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH06048"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31815a848d"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20208","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV-1 non-B subtypes, syphilis, HTLV, and hepatitis B and C viruses among immigrant sex workers in Madrid, Spain","volume":"74","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008127"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-006-9002-1","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases among Colombian and Dominican female sex workers living in Catania, eastern Sicily","volume":"8","author":"Nigro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.32","first-page":"662","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers in Athens, Greece\u20142005","volume":"16","author":"Papadogeorgaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.11.005"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.34","unstructured":"EuroHIV. HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe . Saint-Maurice: French Institute for Public Health Surveillance; 2007, Mid-year report 2006."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.35","unstructured":"Nielsen S Haar K Sailer A . STI rates and risk factors among female sex workers attending STI testing sites in Germany. Quebec: International Society for Sexually Transmitted Disease Research, 10\u201313 July 2011."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.36","unstructured":"Day S Ward H . Approaching health through the prism of stigma: research in seven European countries. In: Sex work, mobility and health in Europe. London: Kegan Paul Limited, 2004:139\u201361."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ola TM Wiwoloku V . HIV prevalence, AIDS knowledge and sexual behaviour among female migrant sex workers in Palermo, Italy. XVIII International AIDS Conference; 18\u201323 July, Vienna, Austria, 2010.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(11)60317-2"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-008-9396-z"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1017","article-title":"HIV infection among commercial sex workers and injecting drug users in the Czech Republic","volume":"75","author":"Bruckova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Country Coordination Committee Republic of Kazakhstan. UNGASS 2010 country progress report. Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan: Ministry of Health, 2010.","DOI":"10.5089\/9781475508833.002"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.41","unstructured":"Family Health International. 2006 Behavioural and biological surveillance study. Kosova: Family Health International, 2007."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.42","first-page":"11","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS in Croatia\u2014an overview","volume":"30","author":"Gjenero-Margan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Coll Antropol"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ili\u0107 D \u0160ipeti\u0107 S Bjegovi\u0107 V . Risk of HIV infection among indoor and street sex workers and their use of health services in Belgrade, Serbia. Srp Arh Celok Lek 2010:219\u201324.","DOI":"10.2298\/SARH1004219I"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.44","unstructured":"UNGASS. UNGASS Country Progress Report: Republic of Macedonia 2010 January 2008-December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.45","unstructured":"UNGASS. UNGASS Country Progress Report: Bosnia and Herzegovina 2010 January 2008-December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.46","unstructured":"Suleymanova J Gadirova H Khasiyev S . Seroepidemiological research of HIV, hepatitis B, C, syphilis and behavioural risk factors among most-at-risk gropus in Azerbaijan. XVIII International AIDS Conference; 18\u201323 July, Vienna, Austria, 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.47","unstructured":"Smolskaya TT Yakovleva AA Kasumov VK . HIV Sentinel Surveillance in High-Risk Groups in Azerbaijan, Republic of Moldova and in the Russian Federation World Health Organization 2004."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.027664"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.49","unstructured":"Tsereteli N Lomidze G . Low HIV prevalence among female sex workers in two cities of Georgia\u2014contributing factors. XVIII International AIDS Conference; 18\u201323 July, Vienna, Austria, 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.50","unstructured":"National report on the implementation of the declaration of commitment on HIV\/AIDS vilnius. Lithuania: 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.51","unstructured":"Republic of Belarus: National Report on the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV\/AIDS Minsk, Belarus: 2010 January 2008\u2014December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.52","unstructured":"Country Report of the Russian Federation on the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV\/AIDS 2008 January 2006\u2014December 2007. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.53","unstructured":"International AIDS Alliance. Behavioural monitoring and HIV infection prevalence among female sex workers as a component of second generation surveillance 2009."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01317.x"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.020461"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.56","unstructured":"EuroHIV. HIV\/AIDS Surveillance in Europe . Saint-Maurice: Institut de veille sanitaire; 2006, Mid-year report 2005."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.3.220"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.58","unstructured":"Spizzichino L Zaccarelli M Venezia S . HIV infection among immigrant sex workers in Rome: comparing men, women and transgenders. XVII International AIDS Conference; 3\u20138 August, Mexico city, Mexico, 2008."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.020982"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2003.008649"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creighton S Tariq S Perry G . Sexually transmitted infections among UK street-based sex workers. Sex Transm Infect 2008.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.026443"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.62","unstructured":"EuroHIV. Report on the EuroHIV 2006 survey on HIV and AIDS surveillance in the WHO European Region. Saint-Maurice: Institut de veille sanitaire, 2007."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.63","unstructured":"UNGASS. Country Progress Report on Monitoring the Declaration of Committment on HIV\/AIDS: Republic of Bulgaria 2010 January 2008-December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1017","article-title":"Short report: HIV infection among commercial sex workers and injecting drug users in the Czech Republic","volume":"75","author":"Bruckova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.65","unstructured":"UNGASS. UNGASS Country Progress Report: Montenegro 2010 January 2008-December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.66","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. Research among populations at higher risk to HIV and among people living with HIV\/AIDS. Basic results of surveillance research 2009\u20132010. Ministry of Health, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.67","unstructured":"Family Health International (FHI). Serbia\u2014Behavioral and Biological Surveillance Study Report 2006."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.68","unstructured":"ICON Institute for Public Health. Operational Research on key STIs and HIV in Turkey Ankara: 2007."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.69","first-page":"105","article-title":"Behavioral risk factors and prevalence of HIV and other STIs among female sex workers in Tirana, Albania","volume":"34","author":"Qyra","year":"2011","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.70","unstructured":"UNGASS. UNGASS Country Progress Report: Republic of Armenia 2010 January 2008-December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.71","unstructured":"UNGASS. Country Progress Report: Republic of Armenia 2008 January 2006-December 2007. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.72","unstructured":"UNGASS. UNGASS Belarus 2010 country progress report. 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.73","unstructured":"Dershem L Tabatadze M Tsereteli N . Characteristics, high-risk behaviors and knowledge of STI\/HIV\/AIDS, and STI \/ HIV prevalence of street-based female sex workers in Tblisi, Georgia: 2004\u20132006. Report on three behavioral surveillance surveys with a biomarker component for the SHIP Project Save the Children 2007."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.74","unstructured":"UNGASS. UNGASS 2010 Country Progress Report: Lithuania. 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.75","unstructured":"UNGASS. UNGASS Country Progress Report: Republic of Moldova Chisinau: 2010 January 2008-December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000175391.13947.f7"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.77","unstructured":"Country Report of the Russian Federation on the Implentation of the Declaration of Committment on HIV\/AIDS 2008 January 2006-December 2007. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.78","unstructured":"Federal Service for Surveillance of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Country Progress Report of the Russian Federation on the Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV\/AIDS Moscow: 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.79","unstructured":"UNGASS. National Report on Monitoring Progress Towards the UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV\/AIDS: Ukraine Kyiv: 2010 January 2008-December 2009. Report No."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.80","unstructured":"Pohorila N Taran Y Kolodiy I . \u00a0Behavior monitoring and HIV-infection prevalence among injection drug users Kyiv: ICF \"International HIV\/AIDS Alliance in Ukraine\" 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.81","unstructured":"Ongoeva D . HIV-infection epidemiolgical analysis among sex workers in Central Asia. Kyrgystan: Oblast AIDS Centre, 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31818adb54"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000204624.26219.6a"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.84","unstructured":"Kolemasova S . Review of HIV prevention and risk factors associated with HIV infection among sex workers in Uzbekistan. XVIII International AIDS Conference; 18\u201323 July, Vienna, Austria, 2010."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.069732"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.010272"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203322301031"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2005.41","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis antigen positivity in women in risk groups and its relationship with the use of antibiotics","volume":"58","author":"Sirmatel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-006-9147-x"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.90","unstructured":"UNFPA, UNICEF. Consultation on strategic information and HIV prevention among most-at-risk adolescents: Research Tool-kit 2009."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.554519"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04562-1"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350701254258"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.94","unstructured":"The UK Collaborative Group for HIV and STI Surveillance. Testing times. HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in the United Kingdom. London: Health Protection Agency, Centre for Infections, 2007."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a811"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.129858"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08221-1"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.11.024"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7535.190"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7285.524"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/01417780122701","article-title":"Challenging the Kerb Crawler Rehabilitation Programme","volume":"67","author":"Campbell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Feminist Rev"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.102","unstructured":"Kinnell H . Violence and sex work in Britain. Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2008:81\u201392."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.11.1789"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb11367.x"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0261018309341906"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.106","unstructured":"Wilkinson R Pickett K . The spirit level. Why more equal societies almost always do better. London: Penguin Group, 2009."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.107","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development New York: Human Development Report 2009: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development 2009."},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02040.x"},{"key":"2024051504404728000_3.7.e002836.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strathdee SA Sherman SG . The role of sexual transmission of HIV infection among injection and non-injection drug users. J Urban Health 2003:S7\u201314.","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg078"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002836","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T15:39:28Z","timestamp":1715787568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002836","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}}}