{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:57:31Z","timestamp":1777607851309,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cannabis use and dependence is a serious health and criminal justice issue among incarcerated populations internationally. Upon abrupt, enforced cessation of cannabis, prisoners may suffer irritability and anger that can lead to threatening behaviour, intimidation, violence, sleep disturbances and self-harm. Cannabis withdrawal syndrome, proposed for inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 2013, has not been examined in Indigenous populations. Owing to the exceptionally high rates of cannabis use in the community, high proportions of Australian Indigenous prisoners may suffer from withdrawal upon entry to custody.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>60 male and 60 female Indigenous prisoners (18\u201340\u2005years) at a high risk of cannabis dependence will be recruited upon entry to custody. A pictorial representation of the standard Cannabis Withdrawal Scale will be tested for reliability and validity. Cortisol markers will be measured in saliva, as the indicators of onset and severity of cannabis withdrawal and psychological distress. The characteristics will be described as percentages and mean or median values with 95% CI. Receiver operator curve analysis will determine an ideal cut-off of the Cannabis Withdrawal Scale and generalised estimating equations modelling will test changes over time. The acceptability and efficacy of proposed resources will be assessed qualitatively using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>A valid and reliable measure of cannabis withdrawal for use with Indigenous populations, the onset and time course of withdrawal symptoms in this population and the development of culturally acceptable resources and interventions to identify and manage cannabis withdrawal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title><jats:p>The project has been approved by the James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee (approval number H4651).The results will be reported via peer reviewed publications, conference, seminar presentations and on-line media for national and international dissemination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,22]],"date-time":"2013-06-22T00:17:42Z","timestamp":1371860262000},"page":"e002951","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["An exploratory study of cannabis withdrawal among Indigenous Australian prison inmates: study protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Rogerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Buttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"India","family":"Bohanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Cadet-James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Sarnyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan R","family":"Clough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.1","first-page":"S28","article-title":"Development and consequences of cannabis dependence","volume":"42","author":"Budney","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall W Degenhardt L Lynskey M . The health and psychological effects of cannabis use. Monograph no. 44. 2nd edn. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2001.","DOI":"10.1037\/e677762010-001"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.4.483"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.4","unstructured":"R 10 Cannabis Withdrawal. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 Development. http:\/\/www.dsm5.org\/ProposedRevision\/Pages\/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=430 (accessed 17 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.6.4.419"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94913114.x"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.61.6.1100"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.8","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report. AIHW cat. no. PHE 145 2011. http:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/publication-detail\/?id=32212254712 (accessed 17 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.9","first-page":"18","article-title":"Cannabis in the \u2018top end","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Of Subst"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00067.x"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00405.x","article-title":"Cannabis use in Cape York Indigenous communities: high prevalence, mental health impacts and the desire to quit","volume":"31","author":"Bohanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03241.x","article-title":"The association between spending on methamphetamine\/amphetamine and cannabis for personal use and earnings from acquisitive crime among police detainees in New Zealand","volume":"106","author":"Wilkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.13","unstructured":"Rogerson B . Cannabis use, dependence and withdrawal [Honours Thesis]. Cairns, Australia: James Cook University, 2010."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.14","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Prisoners in Australia. ABS cat. no. 4517.0 2012. http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au (accessed 17 Feb 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.15","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare and Australian Bureau of Statistics, The Health and Welfare of Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, 2008. ABS cat no. 4704.0 2008. http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au (accessed 17 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.16","unstructured":"Payne J Macgregor S McDonald H . Research into Practice Brief 7: Prevalence and issues relating to cannabis use among prison inmates: Key findings from Australian research since 2001 2013. http:\/\/ncpic.org.au\/ncpic\/publications\/aic-bulletins\/article\/aic-research-into-practice-brief-7-prevalence-and-issues-relating-to-cannabis-use-among-prison-inmates-key-findings-from-australian-research-since-2001 (accessed 3 Mar 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7262.694"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903393670"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2007.00058.x"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044864"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.22","unstructured":"Queensland Treasury and Trade Government Statistician. Queensland Regional Profile for Cape York Region. 2012. http:\/\/statistics.oesr.qld.gov.au\/qld-regional-profiles (accessed 20 Feb 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.23","unstructured":"Queensland Treasury and Trade Government Statistician. Queensland Regional Profile for Torres Strait Region. 2012. http:\/\/statistics.oesr.qld.gov.au\/qld-regional-profiles (accessed 20 Feb 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800408318325","article-title":"Issues in interviewing inmates: navigating the methodological landmines of prison research","volume":"14","author":"Schlosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Qual Inq"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inmates\u2019 perceptions of the benefits and harm of prison interviews","volume":"00","author":"Copes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.26","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council. Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol. Canberra, Australia: NHMRC, 2009: 1\u2013179."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854812449217","article-title":"Incentives for offender research participation are both ethical and practical","volume":"39","author":"Hanson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crimi Justice Behav"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feinstein A . Multivariable analysis: an introduction. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996:241\u20137.","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300241792"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.30","unstructured":"Moreton-Robinson AM Walter M . Indigenous methodologies in social research. In: Walter M .ed Social research methods. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press, 2009:1\u201318."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.31","unstructured":"Sobell LC Sobell MB . Alcohol timeline followback users\u2019 manual. Toronto, Canada: Addiction Research Foundation, 1995."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00185.x"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03205.x"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.34","unstructured":"First MB Gibbon M Spitzer RL . User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV xis II personality disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1997."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2010.482919"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199806)106:2<249::AID-AJPA10>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.393"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-2-40"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.39","unstructured":"Australian Parliament, House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs, Doing time\u2014Time for doing. Indigenous youth in the criminal justice system. Canberra, Australia: The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 2011:1\u2013378."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000218592.00689.e5"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.41","unstructured":"Copeland J Frewen A Elkins K . Management of cannabis use disorder and related issues: a clinician's guide 2009. http:\/\/ncpic.org.au\/ncpic\/news\/ncpic-news\/article\/management-of-cannabis-use-disorder-and-related-issues-a-clinicians-guide (accessed 17 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson H . Drugs and crime: a study of incarcerated female offenders. Research and Public Policy Series no 63. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2004:93\u2013103.","DOI":"10.1037\/e583072012-001"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.43","unstructured":"Haswell M Hunter E Wargent R . Protocols for the delivery of social and emotional wellbeing and mental health services in Indigenous communities: guidelines for health workers, clinicians, consumers and carers, 1st edn. Cairns: Australian Integrated Mental Health Initiative, Queensland Health, 2009. http:\/\/www.uq.edu.au\/nqhepu\/documents\/protocols.pdf (accessed 18 Mar 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465809990464","article-title":"Transportability and feasibility of Social Cognition And Interaction Training (SCIT) in community settings","volume":"38","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Cog Psychother"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.45","unstructured":"Westerman TG Wettinger M . Working with Aboriginal People. Psychologically Speaking, Perth, Western Australian Psychological Society\u2014Psychological Assessment of Aboriginal People. 1998. http:\/\/www\/indigenouspsychservices.com.au\/Publications (accessed 11 Mar 2013)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-47"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.030"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.48","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2006 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework. AIHW cat. no. IHW 20 2007. http:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/publication-detail\/?id=6442467995 (accessed 17 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10118","article-title":"Psychosis in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations of Cape York and the Torres Strait","volume":"196","author":"Hunter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107834580301000305"},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.51","unstructured":"Borzycki M Baldry E . Promoting integration: the provision of prisoner post-release services. Trends & issues in crime and criminal justice no. 262. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government, Australian Institute of Criminology, 2003."},{"key":"2024051504451310000_3.5.e002951.52","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Research Council, Australian Vice-Chancellors\u2019 Committee. National statement on ethical conduct in human research. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government, 2007. Updated 2009. http:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/_files_nhmrc\/publications\/attachments\/e72.pdf (accessed 17 Feb 2013)."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T15:46:45Z","timestamp":1715788005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002951","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013]]}}}