{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T11:38:47Z","timestamp":1769859527806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illegal drug use continues to be a major threat to community health and safety. We used international drug surveillance databases to assess the relationship between multiple long-term estimates of illegal drug price and purity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched for longitudinal measures of illegal drug supply indicators to assess the long-term impact of enforcement-based supply reduction interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from identified illegal drug surveillance systems were analysed using an a priori defined protocol in which we sought to present annual estimates beginning in 1990. Data were then subjected to trend analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were obtained from government surveillance systems assessing price, purity and\/or seizure quantities of illegal drugs; systems with at least 10\u2005years of longitudinal data assessing price, purity\/potency or seizures were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified seven regional\/international metasurveillance systems with longitudinal measures of price or purity\/potency that met eligibility criteria. In the USA, the average inflation-adjusted and purity-adjusted prices of heroin, cocaine and cannabis decreased by 81%, 80% and 86%, respectively, between 1990 and 2007, whereas average purity increased by 60%, 11% and 161%, respectively. Similar trends were observed in Europe, where during the same period the average inflation-adjusted price of opiates and cocaine decreased by 74% and 51%, respectively. In Australia, the average inflation-adjusted price of cocaine decreased 14%, while the inflation-adjusted price of heroin and cannabis both decreased 49% between 2000 and 2010. During this time, seizures of these drugs in major production regions and major domestic markets generally increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With few exceptions and despite increasing investments in enforcement-based supply reduction efforts aimed at disrupting global drug supply, illegal drug prices have generally decreased while drug purity has generally increased since 1990. These findings suggest that expanding efforts at controlling the global illegal drug market through law enforcement are failing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T02:04:36Z","timestamp":1380593076000},"page":"e003077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The temporal relationship between drug supply indicators: an audit of international government surveillance systems"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Werb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Health Research Initiative, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Health Research Initiative, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffanie","family":"Strathdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego, Institute of the Americas, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Health Research Initiative, BC Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, Vancouver, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.1","unstructured":"Pietschmann T Walker J . Estimating illicit financial flows resulting from drug trafficking and other transnational organized crimes. Vienna: UNODC Studies and Threat Analysis Section, Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70305-0"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60928-2"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00376.x"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350109141762","article-title":"Fatal overdose trends in major US cities: 1990\u20131997","volume":"9","author":"Garfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70216-4"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.02.002","article-title":"Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Werb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Drug Pol"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.9","unstructured":"ECOSOC. Convention on psychotropic substances, 1971. Vienna: United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1971."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.10","unstructured":"ECOSOC. The single convention on narcotic drugs, 1961. As amended by the 1972 protocol amending the single convention on narcotic drugs, 1961. Vienna: United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1972."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.11","unstructured":"ECOSOC. United Nations convention against illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, 1988. Vienna: United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1988."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.12","unstructured":"Travis A . Home Office rejects decriminalising possession of drugs for personal use. The Guardian. 14 October 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.13","unstructured":"Hoeffel J . Federal crackdown on medical pot sales reflects a shift in policy. Los Angeles Times. 7 October 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwald G . Drug decriminalization in Portugal: lessons for creating fair and successful drug policies. Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1543991"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.15","unstructured":"Warren J Gelb A Horowitz J . One in 100: behind bars in America 2008. Washington, DC: The Pew Center on the States, 2008."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.16","unstructured":"Farrell G Clark K . What does the world spend on criminal justice? Helsinki: The European Institute for Criminal Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations, 2004."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.17","unstructured":"Walmsley R . World prison population list. Report. London: International Centre for Prison Studies, 2007."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.18","unstructured":"UNODC. World Drug Report 2008 . Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2008."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.19","unstructured":"Reuter P, Trautmann F, eds. A report on global illicit drug markets, 1998\u20132007. The Netherlands: European Commission Directorate-General on Justice, Freedom and Security, 2009."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.20","unstructured":"UNODC. World Drug Report 2011 . Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.21","unstructured":"Roberts M Bewley-Taylor DR Trace M . Monitoring drug policy outcomes: the measurement of drug-related harm. Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme, 2006."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.22","unstructured":"Lenke L . An analysis of the significance of supply and market factors for variations in European cannabis use. EMCDDA Monographs, 2008:293."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.014"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.24","first-page":"53","article-title":"Drug epidemiology in the European institutions: historical background and key indicators","volume":"55","author":"Hartnoll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull Narc"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.25","unstructured":"Fries A Anthony RW Cseko A Jr , et al . The price and purity of illicit drugs: 1981\u20132007. Alexandria, VA: Institute for Defense Analyses, 2008."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.26","unstructured":"UNODC. World Drug Report 2010: statistical annex . Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00248.x"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.28","unstructured":"Stafford J Burns L . Australian drug trends 2010: findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). Sydney: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.29","unstructured":"DEA. STRIDE surveillance system. New York: United States Drug Enforcement Administration, 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.30","unstructured":"UNODC. World Drug Report 2010 . Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2010."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.31","unstructured":"ONDCP. Coca in the Andes. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.32","unstructured":"Insulza JM . The drug problem in the Americas. Washington, DC: Organization of American States General Secretariat, 2013."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.33","unstructured":"Harkinson J . Marijuana legalization may be unstoppable. Mother Jones. 28 February 2013."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.34","unstructured":"EMCDDA. Drug policy profiles: Portugal. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2011."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.35","first-page":"1263","article-title":"Comment: should the DEA's STRIDE data be used for economic analyses of markets for illegal drugs?","volume":"96","author":"Caulkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.36","unstructured":"Manski CF Pepper J Petrie C . Informing America's policy on illegal drugs: what we don't know keeps hurting us. National Academies Press, 2001."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230410001704118"},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.38","unstructured":"EMCDDA. Europol 2010 annual report on the implementation of council decision 2005\/387\/JHA . Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2010."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.39","unstructured":"Global Commission on Drug Policy. The war on drugs and HIV\/AIDS: how the criminalization of drug use fuels the global pandemic. Rio de Janeiro: Global Commission on Drug Policy, 2012."},{"key":"2025121400375948000_3.9.e003077.40","unstructured":"Global Commission on Drug Policy. Report of the global commission on drug policy. Rio de Janeiro: Global Commission on Drug Policy, 2010."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003077","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T08:38:10Z","timestamp":1765701490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003077","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}}}