{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:17:52Z","timestamp":1788999472896,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether there is a difference in the treatment effect of donepezil on cognition in Alzheimer disease between industry-funded and independent randomised controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fixed effects meta-analysis of standardised effects of donepezil on cognition as measured by the Mini Mental State Examination and the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Studies included in the meta-analyses reported in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) technical appraisal 217 updated with new studies through a\n                      <jats:italic>PubMed<\/jats:italic>\n                      search.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inclusion criteria were double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of any length comparing patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer disease (according to the NINCDS-ADRDA\/DSM-III\/IV criteria) taking any dosage of donepezil. Studies of combination therapies (eg, donepezil and memantine) were excluded, as were studies that enrolled patients with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease associated with other disorders (eg, Parkinson's disease and Down's syndrome).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our search strategy identified 14 relevant trials (4 independent) with suitable data. Trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies reported a larger effect of donepezil on standardised cognitive tests than trials published by independent research groups (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.46, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.55 vs SMD=0.33, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.48, respectively). This difference remained when only data representing change up to 12\u2005weeks from baseline were analysed (industry SMD=0.44, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.53 vs independent SMD=0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.52). Analysis revealed that the effect of funding as a moderator variable of study heterogeneity was not statistically significant at either time point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect size of donepezil on cognition is larger in industry-funded than independent trials and this is not explained by the longer duration of industry-funded trials. The lack of a statistically significant moderator effect may indicate that the differences are due to chance, but may also result from lack of power.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]],"date-time":"2014-04-08T01:06:23Z","timestamp":1396919183000},"page":"e004083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The effect of funding sources on donepezil randomised controlled trial outcome: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Lewis O J","family":"Killin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom C","family":"Russ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Scottish Dementia Clinical Research Network, NHS Scotland, UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M","family":"Starr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Scottish Dementia Clinical Research Network, NHS Scotland, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Abrahams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Della Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Human Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120600501380000_4.4.e004083.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/489013a"},{"key":"2025120600501380000_4.4.e004083.2","unstructured":"NICE. 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