{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T14:46:34Z","timestamp":1793544394601,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effects of more intensive smoking cessation interventions compared to less intensive interventions on smoking cessation in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials of smoking cessation interventions was conducted. Electronic searches were carried out on the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsycINFO to September 2013. Searches were supplemented by review of trial registries and references from identified trials. Citations and full-text articles were screened by two reviewers. A random-effect Mantel-Haenszel model was used to pool data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary, secondary and tertiary care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Smoking cessation interventions or medication (more intensive interventions) compared to usual care, counselling or optional medication (less intensive interventions).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biochemically verified smoking cessation was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were adverse events and effects on glycaemic control. We also carried out a pooled analysis of self-reported smoking cessation outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We screened 1783 citations and reviewed seven articles reporting eight trials in 872 participants. All trials were of 6\u2005months duration. Three trials included pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. The risk ratio of biochemically verified smoking cessation was 1.32 (95% CI 0.23 to 7.43) for the more intensive interventions compared to less intensive interventions with significant heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =76%). Only one trial reported measures of glycaemic control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is an absence of evidence of efficacy for more intensive smoking cessation interventions in people with diabetes. The more intensive strategies tested in trials to date include interventions used in the general population, adding in diabetes-specific education about increased risk. Future research should focus on multicomponent smoking cessation interventions carried out over a period of at least 1\u2005year, and also assess impact on glycaemic control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]],"date-time":"2014-03-06T22:11:14Z","timestamp":1394143874000},"page":"e004107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Smoking cessation in adults with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from randomised controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Nagrebetsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"School for Primary Care Research, National Institute for Health Research, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Brettell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nia","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bodleian Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Farmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"School for Primary Care Research, National Institute for Health Research, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.12.100","article-title":"Excess risk of mortality and cardiovascular events associated with smoking among patients with diabetes: meta-analysis of observational prospective studies","volume":"167","author":"Qin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.02947.x","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and proteinuria in Taiwanese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S354"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70117-9"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2264"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2011.02.014"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-S011","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142013","volume":"36","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.04.013"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1082","article-title":"Overwhelmed patients: a videographic analysis of how patients with type 2 diabetes and clinicians articulate and address treatment burden during clinical encounters","volume":"35","author":"Bohlen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.0117.x"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.11","first-page":"CD006219","article-title":"Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation","volume":"1","author":"Farley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.12","unstructured":"A systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the effects of interventions to support smoking cessation in adult patients with diabetes: study protocol. http:\/\/www.phc.ox.ac.uk\/ ."},{"key":"2025121422120380000_4.3.e004107.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lancaster T Stead L Cahill K . 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