{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:43:25Z","timestamp":1790361805967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study assessed the characteristics of pathogens identified in clinical isolates from patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) and their in vitro sensitivity to commonly used antibiotics in the clinical setting in China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Multicenter study was conducted between January and December 2011 in 12 hospitals in China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Urine samples were collected from 356 symptomatic patients treated in the study hospitals for acute uncomplicated cystitis, recurrent UTI or complicated UTI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured using broth microdilution according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2011 guidelines. Thirteen antimicrobial agents were tested: fosfomycin tromethamine, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, cefdinir, cefixime, cefaclor, cefprozil, cefuroxime, amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, azithromycin, nitrofurantoin and oxacillin. <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were screened and extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL) production was confirmed by a double-disk synergy test.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>198 urine samples were culture-positive and 175 isolates were included in the final analysis. <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic> was detected in 50% of cultures, followed by <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic> (9%), <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (9%) and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (5%). The detection rate of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic> was 53%. Resistance to levofloxacin was the most common among all the isolates. Nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin tromethamine had the greatest activity against <jats:italic>E coli<\/jats:italic>; overall, 92% and 91% of isolates were susceptible to these antimicrobials. <jats:italic>E faecalis<\/jats:italic> had the highest susceptibility rates to fosfomycin tromethamine (100%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The most frequently identified pathogens in our patients were ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic> \n                     <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E faecalis<\/jats:italic>. Fosfomycin tromethamine and nitrofurantoin showed a good antimicrobial activity against UTI pathogens. They may represent good options for the empiric treatment of patients with UTI.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,13]],"date-time":"2013-12-13T23:11:43Z","timestamp":1386976303000},"page":"e004152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Characteristics of urinary tract infection pathogens and their in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial agents in China: data from a multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Lu-Dong","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Feng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Peking University Shougang Hospital (Jieping Wu Urology Center), Beijing, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hubei Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Kun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Hunan Xiangya Second Hospital, Changsha, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, 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Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twentieth Informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S20. 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