{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T02:11:56Z","timestamp":1789092716488,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Being born with an orofacial cleft (OFC) can, due to an incomplete closure of the lip and\/or palate, convey a deviant speech and\/or deviant facial aesthetics, which may in turn increase the risk for poor psychological health later in life. Previous investigations have been based on small samples and self-reports, not distinguishing between the three different types of OFC: cleft lip (CL), CL and palate (CLP) and cleft palate only (CPO). We present a large population-based study, considering psychotropic drug use as a proxy for poor psychological health and distinguishing between three different types of OFC.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Using the <jats:italic>Swedish Medical Birth Register<\/jats:italic>, and linking to it the <jats:italic>Swedish Prescribed Drug Register<\/jats:italic>, the <jats:italic>National Mortality Register<\/jats:italic>, the <jats:italic>Emigration Register<\/jats:italic> and the <jats:italic>National Inpatient Register<\/jats:italic>, we identified all singletons born to native mothers in Sweden between 1987 and 1993, alive and residing in Sweden at the end of an 18-year follow-up period (N=626 109). We compared psychotropic drug use among individuals with and without OFC during the individuals\u2019 adolescence (2005\u20132008) by multiple logistic regressions, using ORs with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>When adjusted for potential confounders, having a CL (OR=1.63, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.46) or a CPO (OR=1.54, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.01) increased the risk of psychotropic drug use. Results were not significant regarding adolescents who had a CLP (OR=1.21, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.80).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Being born with a CL or a CPO increases the risk for psychotropic drug use in adolescence, but not for adolescents born with a CLP. Our findings suggest that, since the three OFC types are associated with different long-term risks of poor psychological health, the three groups should be studied separately concerning long-term psychosocial consequences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]],"date-time":"2015-04-03T11:08:17Z","timestamp":1428059297000},"page":"e005306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Psychotropic drug use in adolescents born with an orofacial cleft: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Social Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Social Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viveka","family":"Lyberg-\u00c5hlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia","family":"Psouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101810172149000_5.4.e005306.1","unstructured":"Farzaneh F . 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