{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:44:31Z","timestamp":1791139471514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial carriage in the upper respiratory tract is usually asymptomatic but can lead to respiratory tract infection (RTI), meningitis and septicaemia. We aimed to provide a baseline measure of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage within the community. Self-swabbing and healthcare professional (HCP) swabbing were compared.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals registered at 20 general practitioner practices within the Wessex Primary Care Research Network South West, UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>10\u2005448 individuals were invited to participate; 5394 within a self-swabbing group and 5054 within a HCP swabbing group. Self-swabbing invitees included 2405 individuals aged 0\u20134\u2005years and 3349 individuals aged \u22655\u2005years. HCP swabbing invitees included 1908 individuals aged 0\u20134\u2005years and 3146 individuals aged \u22655\u2005years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      1574 (15.1%) individuals participated, 1260 (23.4%, 95% CI 22.3% to 24.5%) undertaking self-swabbing and 314 (6.2%, 95% CI 5.5% to 6.9%) undertaking HCP-led swabbing. Participation was lower in young children and more deprived practice locations. Swab positivity rates were 34.8% (95% CI 32.2% to 37.4%) for self-taken nose swabs (NS), 19% (95% CI 16.8% to 21.2%) for self-taken whole mouth swabs (WMS), 25.2% (95% CI 20.4% to 30%) for nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and 33.4% (95% CI 28.2% to 38.6%) for HCP-taken WMS. Carriage rates of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were highest in NS (21.3%).\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage was highest in NS (11%) and NPS (7.4%).\n                      <jats:italic>M. catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage was highest in HCP-taken WMS (28.8%).\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriage were similar between swab types.\n                      <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was not detected in any swab. Age and recent RTI affected carriage of\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Participant costs were lower for self-swabbing (\u00a341.21) versus HCP swabbing (\u00a369.66).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher participation and lower costs of self-swabbing as well as sensitivity of self-swabbing favour this method for use in large population-based respiratory carriage studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T02:01:48Z","timestamp":1414720908000},"page":"e005341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Evaluation of swabbing methods for estimating the prevalence of bacterial carriage in the upper respiratory tract: a cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"A 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