{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T13:36:20Z","timestamp":1789911380881,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to elucidate the long-term association of tobacco use and respiratory health in designated pollution victims with and without obstructive pulmonary defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The register of pollution victims in Kurashiki, Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>730 individuals over 65\u2005years of age previously diagnosed with pollution-related respiratory disease. Patients were classified into four groups according to their smoking status and whether they had obstructive pulmonary disease. We then compared the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function over time between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spirometry was performed and a respiratory health questionnaire completed in the same season each year for up to 30\u2005years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rates of smoking and respiratory disease were high in our sample. Although respiratory function in non-smoking patients did not completely recover, the annual rate of change in lung function was within the normal range (p&lt;0.01). However, smokers had worse lung function and were more likely to report more severe pulmonary symptoms (p&lt;0.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients\u2019 respiratory function did not fully recover despite improved air quality. Our results suggest that, in the context of exposure to air pollution, tobacco use causes additional loss of lung function and exacerbates respiratory symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T02:26:27Z","timestamp":1406859987000},"page":"e005393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tobacco use among designated air pollution victims and its association with lung function and respiratory symptoms: a retrospective cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Kenji","family":"Kotaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideaki","family":"Senjyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takako","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudai","family":"Yano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Nishinakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorihide","family":"Yanagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaharu","family":"Asai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kozu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuru","family":"Tabusadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Industry, University and Government Cooperation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terumitsu","family":"Sawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumihisa","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceylan E, Kocyigit A, et al. Increased DNA damage in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had once smoked or been exposed to biomass. Respir Med 2006;100:1270\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.10.011"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.2","first-page":"115","article-title":"Outdoor and indoor air pollution and COPD-related diseases in high- and low-income countries","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.3","first-page":"3693","article-title":"[Variation analysis of background atmospheric pollutants in North China during the summer of 2008 to 2011]","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Huan Jing Ke Xue"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-766","article-title":"Longitudinal study of respiratory function and symptoms in a non-smoking group of long-term officially-acknowledged victims of pollution-related illness","volume":"13","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2013.07.001","article-title":"Results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey and implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) countries","volume":"3","author":"Usmanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.13.1247"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. M C. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. http:\/\/www.who.int\/tobacco\/mpower\/mpower_report_full_2008.pdf (accessed 30 Jun 2014)."},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2007.05.004","article-title":"Comparison of bronchodilatory properties of transdermal and inhaled long-acting beta 2-agonists","volume":"21","author":"Yamagata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-194809000-00001","article-title":"Pulmonary insufficiency; physiological classification, clinical methods of analysis, standard values in normal subjects","volume":"27","author":"Baldwin","year":"1948","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040175","article-title":"Different genes interact with particulate matter and tobacco smoke exposure in affecting lung function decline in the general population","volume":"7","author":"Curjuric","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.11","unstructured":"Ceylan E Kocyigit A Gencer M . Jul 2006 patent 0954-6111 (Print) 0954-6111 (Linking)."},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073625"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-84"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6077.1645"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.15.08.x"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.4104\/pcrj.2012.00058","article-title":"GOLD guidelines 2011: what are the implications for primary care?","volume":"21","author":"Gruffydd-Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prim Care Respir J"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.4.1129"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.1.49"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-85"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1159\/000332930","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and respiratory disease mortality in Shenyang, China: a 12-year population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"84","author":"Dong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103639"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.7748\/ns2013.01.27.21.53.e7008","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: diagnosis and management","volume":"27","author":"Kaufman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"2025121410021343000_4.7.e005393.23","unstructured":"Global strategy for the diagnosis. Management and prevention of COPD, 2011."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005393","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T18:02:20Z","timestamp":1765735340000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005393","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}}}