{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:41:26Z","timestamp":1781332886738,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We compared the distribution by wealth of self-reported illness burden (estimated from validated scales, biomarker and reported symptoms) for angina, cataract, depression, diabetes and osteoarthritis, with the distribution of self-reported medical diagnosis and treatment. We aimed to determine if the greater illness burden borne by poorer participants was matched by appropriately higher levels of diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, a panel study of 12\u2005765 participants aged 50\u2005years and older in four waves from 2004 to 2011, selected using a stratified random sample of households in England. Distribution of illness burden, diagnosis and treatment by wealth was estimated using regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main outcome measures were ORs for the illness burden, diagnosis and treatment, respectively, adjusted for age, sex and wealth. We estimated the illness burden for angina with the Rose Angina scale, diabetes with fasting glycosylated haemoglobin, depression with the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, osteoarthritis with self-reported pain and disability and cataract with self-reported poor vision. Medical diagnoses were self-reported for all conditions. Treatment was defined as \u03b2-blocker prescription for angina, surgery for osteoarthritis and cataract, and receipt of predefined effective interventions for diabetes and depression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with the wealthiest, the least wealthy participant had substantially higher odds for illness burden from any of the five conditions at all four time points, with ORs ranging from 4.2 (95% CI 2.6 to 6.8) for diabetes to 15.1 (11.4 to 20.0) for osteoarthritis. The ORs for diagnosis and treatment were smaller in all five conditions, and ranged from 0.9 (0.5 to 1.4) for diabetes treatment to 4.5 (3.3 to 6.0) for angina diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The substantially higher illness burden in less wealthy participants was not matched by appropriately higher levels of diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]],"date-time":"2014-10-24T23:26:31Z","timestamp":1414193191000},"page":"e005530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Economic inequalities in burden of illness, diagnosis and treatment of five long-term conditions in England: panel study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Steel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A C","family":"Hardcastle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M O","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S H","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L T A","family":"Mounce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Primary Care, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR CLAHRC South West Peninsula, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Melzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813021915000_4.10.e005530.1","unstructured":"Marmot M , Banks J , Blundell R , et al . 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