{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:27:17Z","timestamp":1791847637280,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes is a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Limited data exist on the status of access to diabetes medicines in LMICs. We assessed the utilisation and affordability of diabetes medicines in Iran as a middle-income country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a retrospective time-series design (2000\u20132012) and assessed national diabetes medicines\u2019 utilisation using pharmaceuticals wholesale data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We calculated defined daily dose consumptions per population days (DDDs\/1000 inhabitants\/day; DIDs) indicator. Findings were benchmarked with data from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. We also employed Drug Utilization-90% (DU-90) method to compare DU-90s with the Essential Medicines List published by the WHO. We measured affordability using number of minimum daily wage required to purchase a treatment course for 1\u2005month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetes medicines\u2019 consumption increased from 4.47 to 33.54 DIDs. The benchmarking showed that medicines\u2019 utilisation in Iran in 2011 was only 54% of the median DIDs of 22 OECD countries. Oral hypoglycaemic agents consisted over 80% of use throughout the study period. Regular and isophane insulin (NPH), glibenclamide, metformin and gliclazide were the DU-90 drugs in 2012. Metformin, glibenclamide and regular\/NPH insulin combination therapy were affordable throughout the study period (\u223c0.4, \u223c0.1, \u223c0.3 of minimum daily wage, respectively). While the affordability of novel insulin preparations improved over time, they were still unaffordable in 2012.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The utilisation of diabetes medicines was relatively low, perhaps due to underdiagnosis and inadequate management of patients with diabetes. This had occurred despite affordability of essential diabetes medicines in Iran. Appropriate policies are required to address the underutilisation of diabetes medicines in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,17]],"date-time":"2014-10-17T05:47:14Z","timestamp":1413524834000},"page":"e005859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Low utilisation of diabetes medicines in Iran, despite their affordability (2000\u20132012): a time-series and benchmarking study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Amir","family":"Sarayani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Rashidian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kheirollah","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Rational Use of Drugs and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121512444736000_4.10.e005859.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60679-X"},{"key":"2025121512444736000_4.10.e005859.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.029"},{"key":"2025121512444736000_4.10.e005859.3","unstructured":"Alldredge BK , Corelli RL , Ernst ME , et al . 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