{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:17:01Z","timestamp":1791249421746,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically review the literature with regard to the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review of the literature of observational studies for PRP was undertaken using five electronic databases. Any studies reporting prevalence, incidence and risk factors of PRP were collected. Relative risk or OR and 95% CI were extracted or calculated to present the association between risk factors and PRP. Random effects model was used to pool the results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>33 articles assessing a total of 33\u2005733 participants were included in this analysis (2 cohort, 17 cross-sectional and 14 case\u2013control studies). The pooled prevalence of PRP was 4.85% (95% CI 2.08% to 8.71%) in the general population. The pooled annual incidence of PRP was 0.25% (95% CI 0.19% to 0.32%). Risk factors and associations for PRP included female gender (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.91), family history (OR=16.6, 95% CI 7.44 to 36.8), smoking (OR=1.27, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.53), manual occupation (OR=2.66 95% CI 1.73 to 4.08), migraine (OR=4.02, 95% CI 2.62 to 6.17), cardiovascular disease (OR=1.69, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.34) and marital status (married, OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.83). The definition of PRP varied considerably between studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the first systematic review of the prevalence, incidence, risk factors and associations of PRP. Further study using uniform strict criteria for the condition is required to confirm these findings, particularly the possible association with cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T22:13:09Z","timestamp":1426543989000},"page":"e006389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":168,"title":["Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud's phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rozeena","family":"Garner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Lanyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-193202000-00004"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.2","first-page":"485","article-title":"Raynaud's phenomenon: a proposal for classification","volume":"10","author":"LeRoy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13646-X"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.5.357"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.5","first-page":"454","article-title":"Diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon assisted by colour charts","volume":"15","author":"Maricq","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.3.206"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.221"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390717","article-title":"Familial aggregation of primary Raynaud's disease","volume":"39","author":"Freedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.11.1094"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.10","first-page":"1187","article-title":"Association between Raynaud's phenomenon and migraine in a random population of hospital employees","volume":"20","author":"O'Keeffe","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"(12 Pt 1)","key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-12-985","article-title":"Increased prevalence of migraine and chest pain in patients with primary Raynaud disease","volume":"116","author":"O'Keeffe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2"},{"key":"2025120519541685000_5.3.e006389.14","unstructured":"Stuart A , Ord JK . 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