{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:27:24Z","timestamp":1791415644475,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite a growing body of literature, uncertainty regarding the influence of physician dress on patients\u2019 perceptions exists. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to examine the influence of physician attire on patient perceptions including trust, satisfaction and confidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting, participants, interventions and outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Biosis Previews and Conference Papers Index. Studies that: (1) involved participants \u226518\u2005years of age; (2) evaluated physician attire; and (3) reported patient perceptions related to attire were included. Two authors determined study eligibility. Studies were categorised by country of origin, clinical discipline (eg, internal medicine, surgery), context (inpatient vs outpatient) and occurrence of a clinical encounter when soliciting opinions regarding attire. Studies were assessed using the Downs and Black Scale risk of bias scale. Owing to clinical and methodological heterogeneity, meta-analyses were not attempted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 1040 citations, 30 studies involving 11\u2005533 patients met eligibility criteria. Included studies featured patients from 14 countries. General medicine, procedural (eg, general surgery and obstetrics), clinic, emergency departments and hospital settings were represented. Preferences or positive influence of physician attire on patient perceptions were reported in 21 of the 30 studies (70%). Formal attire and white coats with other attire not specified was preferred in 18 of 30 studies (60%). Preference for formal attire and white coats was more prevalent among older patients and studies conducted in Europe and Asia. Four of seven studies involving procedural specialties reported either no preference for attire or a preference for scrubs; four of five studies in intensive care and emergency settings also found no attire preference. Only 3 of 12 studies that surveyed patients after a clinical encounter concluded that attire influenced patient perceptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although patients often prefer formal physician attire, perceptions of attire are influenced by age, locale, setting and context of care. Policy-based interventions that target such factors appear necessary.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]],"date-time":"2015-01-19T23:54:13Z","timestamp":1421711653000},"page":"e006578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Understanding the role of physician attire on patient perceptions: a systematic review of the literature\u2014 targeting attire to improve likelihood of rapport (TAILOR) investigators"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Christopher Michael","family":"Petrilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Janowitz","family":"Petrilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Hickner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Saint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vineet","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.04.026"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S1458","article-title":"Factors affecting therapeutic compliance: a review from the patient's perspective","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S24752","article-title":"A literature review to explore the link between treatment satisfaction and adherence, compliance, and persistence","volume":"6","author":"Barbosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adher"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2002.10431.x"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung H , Lee H , Chang DS , et al . Doctor's attire influences perceived empathy in the patient-doctor relationship. Patient Education and Counseling, 2012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2012.02.017"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-008-0546-8"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.11.1277"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.8","unstructured":"Hippocrates Jones WHS , Potter P , et al . Hippocrates. London; New York: Heinemann; Putnam, 1923."},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90146-G"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.10","unstructured":"Kremer W . Would you trust a doctor in a T-shirt? BBC News Magazine , 2013."},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/675066"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2535"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.13","unstructured":"Higgins JPT , Green G . Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2011. http:\/\/www.cochrane-handbook.org (accessed 10 Feb 2014)."},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.52.6.377"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.15","first-page":"763","article-title":"Patients\u2019 preferences for physicians\u2019 attire in Saudi Arabia","volume":"33","author":"Al-Ghobain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.2732","article-title":"Physician attire in the intensive care unit and patient family perceptions of physician professional characteristics","volume":"173","author":"Au","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA internal medicine"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02583.x","article-title":"The influence of physician attire on patient satisfaction","volume":"5","author":"Baevsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.11.3.175"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7547\/0960132"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.02.022"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2010.0612"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2009.09.001"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.09.043"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.24","first-page":"24","article-title":"Patients\u2019 preferences for resident physician dress style","volume":"8","author":"Friis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fam Pract Res J"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.25","first-page":"211","article-title":"Dress and address: patient preferences regarding doctor's style of dress and patient interaction","volume":"101","author":"Gallagher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.9-6-519"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143103.x","article-title":"Hospitalised patients\u2019 views on doctors and white coats","volume":"175","author":"Gooden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.38.533"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3109\/13814780509178018","article-title":"Does wearing a white coat or civilian dress in the consultation have an impact on patient satisfaction?","volume":"11","author":"Kersnik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.30","first-page":"A2898","article-title":"[Clothing make the doctor\u2014patients have more confidence in a smartly dressed GP]","volume":"154","author":"Kocks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2004.12.014"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7531.1524"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04665.x","article-title":"Effect of physician dress style on patient confidence","volume":"27","author":"Maruani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.34","first-page":"270","article-title":"Putting on the style: what patients think of the way their doctor dresses","volume":"41","author":"McKinstry","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.35","first-page":"208","article-title":"The physician's appearance","volume":"23","author":"McNaughton-Filion","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-00-8409","article-title":"Physician attire in the military setting: does it make a difference to our patients?","volume":"174","author":"Niederhauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(98)00036-5"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.38","first-page":"361","article-title":"Evidence for preferences of Italian patients for physician attire","volume":"6","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/jrnms-91-45","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perception of military doctors in fracture clinics\u2014does the wearing of uniform make a difference?","volume":"91","author":"McLean","year":"2005","journal-title":"J R Naval Med Serv"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.40","first-page":"145","article-title":"The Doctor's New Clothes: Professional or Fashionable","volume":"3","author":"Hartmans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Primary Health Care"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1447-056X-13-2","article-title":"Importance of physicians\u2019 attire: factors influencing the impression it makes on patients, a cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Kurihara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pacific family medicine"},{"key":"2024051513020490000_5.1.e006578.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ramb.2013.04.005","article-title":"Perceptions of patients, physicians, and Medical students on physicians\u2019 appearance","volume":"59","author":"Yonekura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,15]],"date-time":"2024-05-15T16:23:59Z","timestamp":1715790239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006578"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}}}