{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T23:35:22Z","timestamp":1792280122022,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We examined the utility of January 2004 to April 2014 Google Trends data from information searches for cancer screenings and preparations as a complement to population screening data, which are traditionally estimated through costly population-level surveys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>State-level data across the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persons who searched for terms related to cancer screening using Google, and persons who participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) State-level Google Trends data, providing relative search volume (RSV) data scaled to the highest search proportion per week (RSV100) for search terms over time since 2004 and across different geographical locations. (2) RSV of new screening tests, free\/low-cost screening for breast and colorectal cancer, and new preparations for colonoscopy (Prepopik). (3) State-level breast, cervical, colorectal and prostate cancer screening rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correlations between Google Trends and BRFSS data ranged from 0.55 for ever having had a colonoscopy to 0.14 for having a Pap smear within the past 3\u2005years. Free\/low-cost mammography and colonoscopy showed higher RSV during their respective cancer awareness months. RSV for Miralax remained stable, while interest in Prepopik increased over time. RSV for lung cancer screening, virtual colonoscopy and three-dimensional mammography was low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Google Trends data provides enormous scientific possibilities, but are not a suitable substitute for, but may complement, traditional data collection and analysis about cancer screening and related interests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,10]],"date-time":"2015-06-10T16:06:31Z","timestamp":1433952391000},"page":"e006678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["The utility of Google Trends data to examine interest in cancer screening"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Schootman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Toor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Cavazos-Rehg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D B","family":"Jeffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Division of General Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"McQueen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Division of General Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Eberth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N O","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"(Suppl)","key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Prevalence of colorectal cancer screening among adults\u2014Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2010","volume":"61","author":"Joseph","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"(Suppl)","key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Breast cancer screening among adult women\u2014Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2010","volume":"61","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.24.1837"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2012.3562","article-title":"Recency of Pap testing and future testing plans among women aged 18\u201364: analysis of the 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey","volume":"21","author":"Ashok","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.5","first-page":"e36","article-title":"Cancer internet search activity on a major search engine, United States 2001\u20132003","volume":"7","author":"Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Int Res"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.01.010","article-title":"Use of Google insights for search to track seasonal and geographic kidney stone incidence in the United States","volume":"78","author":"Breyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051276"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000065","article-title":"A comparison of internet search trends and sexually transmitted infection rates using Google Trends","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/630200"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2102","article-title":"FluBreaks: early epidemic detection from Google flu trends","volume":"14","author":"Pervaiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.11","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral risk factor surveillance system. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014."},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-49"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.13","unstructured":"Administration FaD. FDA approves new colon-cleansing drug for colonoscopy prep. 17 July 2012."},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.15","unstructured":"Joinpoint Regression Program, Version 4.1.0. [software program], 2014."},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.03.001"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120050042918"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.7.4.355"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10543400600609718"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774512461859"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-442","article-title":"The effect of breast cancer awareness month on internet search activity\u2014a comparison with awareness campaigns for lung and prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Glynn","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.22","unstructured":"Stein R . In wake of mammography guidelines, U.S. health task force faces new scrutiny: Washington Post 20 December 2009."},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.23","unstructured":"Parker-Pope T . For men, to screen or not to screen. The New York Times 23 March 2009."},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.24","unstructured":"McCook A . More signs lung cancer screening could save lives. Reuters 28 December 2010."},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.25","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Prostate Cancer, Topic Page. Secondary Screening for Prostate Cancer, Topic Page. 2012. http:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/prostatecancerscreening.htm"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa070543"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.27","first-page":"94","article-title":"Diagnostic miss rate for colorectal cancer: an audit","volume":"28","author":"Than","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016777"},{"key":"2025121508570316000_5.6.e006678.29","unstructured":"Sullivan D . Google still world's most popular search engine by far, but share of unique searchers dips slightly. 11 February 2013."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T16:57:09Z","timestamp":1765817829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006678"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006678","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}}}