{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:12:32Z","timestamp":1790622752836,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to determine in detail the risk perception of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV, and the contextual circumstances, in Nigerian commercial sex workers (CSWs) in Barcelona.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Raval area in Barcelona.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>8 CSWs working in Barcelona.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A phenomenological study was carried out with Nigerian CSWs in Barcelona. Sampling was theoretical, taking into account: different age ranges; women with and without a partner; women with and without children; and women participating or not in STI\/HIV-prevention workshops. Information was obtained by means of eight semistructured individual interviews. An interpretative content analysis was conducted by four analysts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illegal immigrant status, educational level, financial situation and work, and cultural context had mixed effects on CSW knowledge of, exposure to, and prevention and treatment of STI and HIV. CSWs were aware of the higher risk of STI associated with their occupation. They identified condoms as the best preventive method and used them during intercourse with clients. They also implemented other preventive behaviours such as personal hygiene after intercourse. Control of sexual services provided, health education and healthcare services had a positive effect on decreasing exposure and better management of STI\/HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nigerian CSWs are a vulnerable group because of their poor socioeconomic status. The perception of risk in this group and their preventive behaviours are based on personal determinants, beliefs and experiences from their home country and influences from the host country. Interventions aimed at CSWs must address knowledge gaps, risk behaviours and structural elements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]],"date-time":"2015-06-15T22:05:42Z","timestamp":1434405942000},"page":"e006928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Risk perception of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Nigerian commercial sex workers in Barcelona: a qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"N\u00faria","family":"Coma Auli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de medicina tropical i salut internacional Drassanes-Vall d'Hebron, Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00edlia","family":"Mej\u00eda-Lancheros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Berenguera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 en Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Investigador Associat de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enriqueta","family":"Pujol-Ribera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d'Investigaci\u00f3 en Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Investigador Associat de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.1","unstructured":"UNAIDS JUNPoHA. Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Contract No.: ISBN 978-92-9253-032-7."},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050491"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1157\/13063093"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31815a848d"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.03.010"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200202150-00019"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318286b9d4"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31826dfb41","article-title":"Sexual risk behaviors and HIV among female sex workers in Nigeria","volume":"61","author":"Eluwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102643","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102643","article-title":"Positive impact of increases in condom use among female sex workers and clients in a medium HIV prevalence epidemic: modelling results from project SIDA1\/2\/3 in Cotonou, Benin","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94838","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094838","article-title":"HIV risk perception and behavior among sex workers in three major urban centers of Mozambique","volume":"9","author":"Langa","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2013.776112","article-title":"Sex work venue and condom use among female sex workers in Senggigi, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Safika","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2013.767930","article-title":"Condom negotiation across different relationship types by young women engaged in sex work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","volume":"8","author":"Maher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.13","first-page":"89","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in tropical Africa. A review of the present situation","volume":"57","author":"Osoba","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.14","first-page":"54","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in clinic patients in Lagos","volume":"56","author":"Rotimi","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.15","first-page":"155","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"53","author":"Sogbetun","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67732-X"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.17","first-page":"61","article-title":"Risk perceptions, prevention and treatment seeking for sexually transmitted infections and HIV\/AIDS among female sex workers in Kano, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Lawan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17980","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.1.17980","article-title":"Priority interventions to reduce HIV transmission in sex work settings in sub-Saharan Africa and delivery of these services","volume":"16","author":"Chersich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-143"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.20","unstructured":"Barri el Raval Districte de Ciutat Vella. Dades estad\u00edstiques. [homepage on the Internet]. Barcelona: Ajuntament de Barcelona: 2012 (cited 12 April 2015). http:\/\/lameva.barcelona.cat\/ciutatvella\/ca\/home\/el-barri-del-raval"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5209\/rev_ESMP.2012.v18.n1.39369","article-title":"Representaci\u00f3n de la prostituci\u00f3n inmigrante en la prensa. El caso de las prostitutas del barrio del Raval de Barcelona","volume":"18","author":"Brosa Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Estudios sobre el Mensaje Period\u00edstico"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.22","first-page":"114","article-title":"Fundamentaci\u00f3n sobre la prostituci\u00f3n y una aproximaci\u00f3n al barrio del Raval","volume":"3","author":"Guill\u00e9 Tom\u00e1s","year":"2014","journal-title":"ReiDoCrea. Revista electr\u00f3nica de investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Creativa"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a949"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2004.07.12.1.47.c5930"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.25","first-page":"Art. 8","article-title":"Sample Size and Saturation in PhD Studies Using Qualitative Interviews [63 paragraphs]","volume":"11","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forum Qual Sozialforschung\/Forum: Qual Soc Res"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.26","unstructured":"Conde F . Los grupos triangulares como espacios transicionales para la producci\u00f3n discursiva: un estudio sobre la vivienda en Huelva. En: Gordo AJ y Serrano A, coordi. Estrategias y pr\u00e1cticas cualitativas de investigaci\u00f3n social. 1a ed. Madrid: Ediciones Pearson Prentice-Hall; 2008:155\u201387."},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.27","first-page":"4","article-title":"Risk perception of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Nigerian commercial sex workers living in Barcelona: a study protocol","volume":"3","author":"Coma","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NNR.0000313482.33917.7d"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732303259804"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7294.1115"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.748872","article-title":"Female sex workers and access to social and health services in Catalonia: Influence of region of origin and place of work","volume":"25","author":"Folch","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/073993300245186","article-title":"Sexual and health behaviour of commercial sex workers in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Asowa-Omorodion","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2010.9724957"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023531"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2013.773381"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.028324"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.37","unstructured":"del Romero GJ , Rojas CD , Ballesteros MJ , et al . Prostituci\u00f3n: un colectivo de riesgo. JANO 2004;LXVII."},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.11.005"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.030841"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.027441"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1)","key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.41","first-page":"90","article-title":"Strategies to recruit immigrant women to participate in qualitative research","volume":"23","author":"Pons-Vigues","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/mzm042"},{"key":"2025121602555344000_5.6.e006928.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1035"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006928","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:56:00Z","timestamp":1765882560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006928"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006928","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}}}