{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:57:16Z","timestamp":1772161036259,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the risk of adverse events and effects on bone mineral density (BMD), blood lipid and glucose levels and body mass index (BMI) of low-dose glucocorticoid (GC) treatment in ankylosing spondylitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a retrospective, observational cohort study. Adverse effects were compared between GC users and non-GC users, and we analysed differences in the duration of GC exposure (no GC exposure, &lt;6\u2005months, 6\u2005months to 2\u2005years and &gt;2\u2005years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outpatient clinic in a tertiary general hospital in China, rheumatology follow-up visits over the past 30\u2005years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 830 patients with ankylosing spondylitis who were followed up for at least 6\u2005months without a previous history or current complications of active gastrointestinal problems, hypertension, psychiatric or mental problems, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis and hepatitis. The median follow-up time was 1.6\u2005years (range 0.5\u201315\u2005years, a total of 1801 patient-years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 555 (66.9%) patients were treated with low-dose GCs, and the median cumulative duration of GC therapy was 1.3\u2005years (range 0.1\u20138.5\u2005years). Dermatological incidents, including acne, bruisability and cutaneous infections, were the most common adverse events, with a cumulative incidence rate of 5.4% (22.2 events per 1000 patient-years), followed by a puffy and rounded face (1.6%), symptoms of weight gain (1.1%) and serious infections (1.0%). The rates of all other types of adverse events were less than 1%. The GC groups (GC users and non-GC users) and the duration of GC therapy were not associated with the frequency of low BMD, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia or obesity (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adverse events during long-term treatment of low-dose GCs are limited. Low-dose GCs do not have an adverse effect on BMD, blood lipid and glucose levels and BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,4]],"date-time":"2015-06-04T07:25:26Z","timestamp":1433402726000},"page":"e006957","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A long-term, observational cohort study on the safety of low-dose glucocorticoids in ankylosing spondylitis: adverse events and effects on bone mineral density, blood lipid and glucose levels and body mass index"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Rheumatology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing Yu","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"Research Unit of Rheumatology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Duo","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Yu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.100008"},{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2005.038638"},{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.114579"},{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270401"},{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02799-9"},{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.124958"},{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2013.08.004"},{"key":"2025121400293762000_5.6.e006957.8","unstructured":"Disease Control Division of Ministry of Health of The people's Republic of China. The guidelines for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in Chinese adults. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House 2006:3-4. 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