{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T14:53:22Z","timestamp":1773327202278,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the association between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and depression among Korean women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2008 and 2011, we examined 731 men and 1249 women (aged 39\u201385\u2005years) for the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)-Kangwha. Among 1208 never-smoking women, we excluded two women taking antidepressants and five women who did not complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Therefore, we performed a cross-sectional analysis on 1201 women. ETS exposure was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire, and was classified into three groups: no exposure, occasional exposure and regular exposure. Depression was assessed using the BDI score, which ranged from 0 to 63, and the presence of depression was defined as a BDI score \u226510.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women exposed to ETS were more likely to have depression than those without ETS exposure (p=0.019). When BDI was analysed as a continuous variable, women exposed to ETS had significantly higher BDI scores after full adjustment (overall exposure: \u03b2=1.36, p=0.013; occasional exposure: \u03b2=1.15, p=0.063; regular exposure: \u03b2=1.90, p=0.039). ETS exposure was significantly associated with depression in a dose\u2013response manner even after adjusting for age, body mass index, menopause, socioeconomic status, lifestyle and prevalent chronic diseases. The adjusted OR for depression (95% CI) was 1.72 (1.25 to 2.37) for overall ETS exposure, 1.56 (1.09 to 2.24) for occasional exposure and 2.19 (1.30 to 3.69) for regular exposure, when compared to no exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to ETS was associated with depression among middle aged and elderly Korean women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,22]],"date-time":"2015-06-22T21:05:49Z","timestamp":1435007149000},"page":"e007131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Association between environmental tobacco smoke and depression among Korean women"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Na Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyeon Chang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joo Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Il","family":"Suh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121601351843000_5.6.e007131.1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 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