{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:25:49Z","timestamp":1791275149412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess whether the parents of babies born preterm (PT; &lt;37\u2005weeks completed gestation) are at excess risk of psychological distress (PD) at 9\u2005months postpartum, and to explore the influence of the degree of prematurity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were drawn from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative prospective cohort of babies born in 2000\u20132002. 12\u2005100 families with complete data available for both parents at recruitment (9\u2005months postpartum) are included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Exposure and outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mothers report of gestational age at birth (in weeks) was grouped into: very PT (&lt;32\u2005weeks), moderately PT (32\u201333\u2005weeks), late PT (34\u201336\u2005weeks), early term (37\u201338\u2005weeks), full-term (39\u201341\u2005weeks), post-term (42\u2005weeks). PD was assessed using a modified Rutter Malaise Inventory, a validated instrument that has been used in both men and women to assess levels of anxiety and distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 7% of families reported a PT birth; 12.1% of mothers and 8.9% of fathers showed signs of PD at 9\u2005months postpartum. The mothers of very PT infants had an increased risk of PD, compared with the mothers of full-term babies (unadjusted OR 2.10 (1.30 to 3.39; adjusted OR 1.66 (1.02 to 2.69)). Mothers of moderate or late PT babies had no apparent increased risk of PD. However, mothers of early term babies also showed a small excess risk of PD (adjusted OR 1.16 (0.99 to 1.36)). Unadjusted analysis suggested a doubling in the risk of PD in fathers of very and moderately PT babies, compared with fathers of full-term babies, which remains statistically significant after adjustment in the moderately PT group (adjusted OR1.98 (1.20 to 3.29)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The parents of very PT children are at an increased risk of PD at 9\u2005months postpartum, and mothers of children born at early term also see an elevated risk compared with mothers of full-term babies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-007942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,19]],"date-time":"2015-12-19T00:34:45Z","timestamp":1450485285000},"page":"e007942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Risk of psychological distress in parents of preterm children in the first year: evidence from the UK Millennium Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Carson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Redshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A","family":"Quigley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7307.257"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60238-5"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1086\/426719","article-title":"Relationship characteristics and depression among fathers with newborns","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Ser Rev"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0510-0"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.605"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0818"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-6-12","article-title":"Anxiety and stress in the postpartum: Is there more to postnatal distress than depression?","volume":"6","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120518520207000_5.12.e007942.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bell AF , Carter CS , Davis JM , et al . 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