{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:28:06Z","timestamp":1772792886765,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to characterise the epidemiology of <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> (CT) and <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> (NG) infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Lima, Peru.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study in Lima, Peru.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We recruited a group of 510 MSM and 208 TW for a subsequent community-based randomised controlled trial. The presence of CT and NG were evaluated using Aptima Combo2 in pharyngeal and anal swabs. We also explored correlates of these infections. Primary and secondary outcome measures: Study end points included overall prevalence of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> in anal and pharyngeal sites.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall prevalence of CT was 19% (95% CI 16.1% to 22.1%) and 4.8% (95% CI 3.3% to 6.6%) in anal and pharyngeal sites, respectively, while prevalence of NG was 9.6% (95% CI 7.5% to 12.0%) and 6.5% (95% CI 4.8% to 8.5%) in anal and pharyngeal sites, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of each infection declined significantly among participants older than 34\u2005years (p&lt;0.05). Efforts towards prevention and treatment of extraurogenital chlamydial and gonococcal infections in high-risk populations like MSM and TW in Lima, Peru, are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NCT00670163; Results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T22:29:42Z","timestamp":1452119382000},"page":"e008245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["High prevalence of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i> infections in anal and pharyngeal sites among a community-based sample of men who have sex with men and transgender women in Lima, Peru"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct00670163","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Segundo R","family":"Leon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Socios en Salud, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eddy R","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelika A","family":"Konda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan A","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Silva-Santisteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerome T","family":"Galea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners in Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Klausner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos F","family":"Caceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Sexual Health and Unit of Health, Sexuality and Human Development, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812563841000_6.1.e008245.1","unstructured":"WHO. Prevalence and incidence in 2005 of selected sexually transmitted infections: methods and results. Geneva: WHO, 2011."},{"key":"2025101812563841000_6.1.e008245.2","unstructured":"Organization W.H. Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003."},{"key":"2025101812563841000_6.1.e008245.3","unstructured":"Organization W.H. Sexually transmitted diseases: three hundred and thirty-three million new, curable cases in 1995 [press release]. 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