{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1769943328849,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women are especially at risk of developing complications when infected with reproductive tract infections (RTIs). The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and genital mycoplasmas in pregnant women and investigate the associations between BV, genital mycoplasmas, HIV infection, age and gestational age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical components.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antenatal clinic of a tertiary academic hospital in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>220 pregnant women older than 18 were included in the study and provided self-collected vaginal swabs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcomes<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BV and genital mycoplasma colonisation and\/or infection in women of differing age, gestational period and HIV status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of BV was 17.7% (39\/220) (95% CI 12.9 to 23.4), intermediate vaginal flora (IVF) 15% (33\/220) (95% CI 10.56 to 20.42), and the overall prevalence of genital mycoplasmas was 84% (185\/220) (95% CI 78.47 to 88.58). BV was significantly associated with HIV infection with an OR of 2.84 (95% CI 1.08 to 7.46 and p value=0.034). However, BV was inversely associated with gestational age with an OR of 0.08 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.42 and p value=0.003) for second trimester pregnancies and an OR of 0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.17 and p value&lt;0.001) for third trimester pregnancies using the first trimester as reference. IVF was significantly associated with HIV infection with an OR of 2.7 (95% CI 1.07 to 6.79 and p value=0.035) but not with age or gestational age. Genital mycoplasmas were not significantly associated with age, gestational age, HIV status, BV flora or IVF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high infection rate of genital mycoplasmas and the association of BV with HIV found in this study reiterate the importance of screening for these RTIs in high-risk groups such as pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,20]],"date-time":"2015-10-20T08:27:23Z","timestamp":1445329643000},"page":"e008530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A cross-sectional study on the relationship of age, gestational age and HIV infection to bacterial vaginosis and genital mycoplasma infection"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mathys J","family":"Redelinghuys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marthie M","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andries W","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tuberculosis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hennie","family":"Lombaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve A S","family":"Olorunju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen M","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Tshwane Academic Division, National Health Laboratory Service, Pretoria, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.11.041"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.01.054","article-title":"The association between early life adversity and bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy","volume":"204","author":"Cammack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(96)02744-0"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2005.12.024"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn158"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.6","first-page":"42","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Mycoplasma species","volume":"44","author":"Sung","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.7","first-page":"250","article-title":"Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis infection in women with urogenital diseases","volume":"51","author":"Zdrodowska-Stefanow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-129"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-005-0030-1"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2010.01148.x"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(84)90534-9"},{"key":"2025121407033071000_5.10.e008530.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald HM , Brocklehurst P , Gordon A . 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