{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T11:19:23Z","timestamp":1765711163295,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recreational drug use in the nightlife setting carries the risk of many negative consequences, such as violence, injuries, aberrant driving and sexual risk-taking. The aim of this study is to investigate recreational drug use and user characteristics among people visiting licensed premises, for example, nightclubs and bars, by using self-reports and biological markers. Staff of licensed premises will be asked to report drug use observations. Further, by using qualitative data, we will examine the motives, consequences and culture associated with recreational drug use. An additional aim is to compare self-reported drug use with oral fluid test (OFT) results in order to validate the different measurement methods in this context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analyses<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data collection will be conducted among patrons (n=1000) outside licensed premises. On consent, patrons will be asked to anonymously complete a questionnaire, a breath alcohol concentration test and an OFT. Patrons who report use of recreational drugs in the previous 12\u2005months will be asked to leave their contact information for a subsequent qualitative in-depth interview (n=30\u201340). Staff from licensed premises (n=500) will be invited during Responsible Beverage Service Training to participate in an anonymous survey. Survey data will be analysed by univariate and multivariate statistical methods and the oral fluids will be analysed for a large number of drugs using biochemical methods. Cohen's \u03ba will be used as a measure of agreement between self-reported drug use and OFT. In-depth interviews will be coded in HyperRESEARCH and analysed using an inductive approach. Data collection will be repeated on a biannual basis until at least 2020, allowing for examination of trends in recreational drug use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has been approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. Results will be disseminated in research journals, conferences and the media.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]],"date-time":"2016-04-22T23:53:45Z","timestamp":1461369225000},"page":"e009306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recreational drug use in the Oslo nightlife setting: study protocol for a cross-sectional time series using biological markers, self-reported and qualitative data"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Trond","family":"Nordfj\u00e6rn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marit","family":"Edland-Gryt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Line","family":"Bretteville-Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Buvik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Gripenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Alcohol, Drug and Tobacco Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00554.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.2","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7450.1233"},{"unstructured":"Gripenberg Abdon J . Drug use at licensed premises\u2014Prevalence and prevention. Stockholm, Sweden: Karolinska Institutet, 2012. http:\/\/publications.ki.se\/xmlui\/handle\/10616\/40951","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.3"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.4.523","article-title":"Subtypes of illicit drug users: a latent class analysis of data from an Australian twin sample","volume":"9","author":"Lynskey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.003"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00016-2"},{"unstructured":"Ved\u00f8y TF , Skretting A . Ungdom og rusmidler. Resultater fra sp\u00f8rreskjemaunders\u00f8kelser 1968\u20132008 [Adolescents and substances. Results from surveys]. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, 2009.","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.8","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.074237"},{"unstructured":"New psychoactive substances review. Report of the expert panel. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/368583\/NPSexpertReviewPanelReport.pdf (accessed 18 Dec 2015).","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.9"},{"unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). NPS New Psychoactive Substances. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/drugs\/\/printmaterials2013\/NPS_leaflet\/WDC13_NPS_leaflet_EN_LORES.pdf (accessed 18 Dec 2015).","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.10"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-7-7","article-title":"Measuring substance use in the club setting: a feasibility study using biochemical markers","volume":"7","author":"Gripenberg-Abdon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.12","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260503500207"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890802305887","article-title":"Environmental strategies for prevention of drug use and risks in clubs","volume":"14","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.14","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2011.594704"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.15","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X05277285"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2009.70.261","article-title":"Biological markers of drug use in the club setting","volume":"70","author":"Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.17","DOI":"10.2307\/800824"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.18","DOI":"10.1177\/110330881202000303"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.19","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-6-1"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2013.06.014","article-title":"Assessment of club patrons\u2019 alcohol and drug use: the use of biological markers","volume":"45","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.02.001"},{"unstructured":"J\u00e4rvinen M , Demant J , \u00d8stergaard J . Stoffer og Natteliv [Drugs and nightlife] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Hans Reitzels Forlag, 2010.","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.22"},{"unstructured":"Creswell JW . Qualitative inquiry & research. Choosing among five approaches. 2nd edn. Thounsand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc, 2007.","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.23"},{"unstructured":"Patton MQ . Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1990.","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.24"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12843","article-title":"Factors associated with over-serving at drinking establishments","volume":"110","author":"Buvik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02077.x"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2005.66.806","article-title":"Overserving at licensed premises in Stockholm: effects of a community action program","volume":"66","author":"Wallin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080701532916","article-title":"Effects of a community-based drug use prevention program targeting licensed premises","volume":"42","author":"Gripenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2025121403155618000_6.4.e009306.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03573.x","article-title":"Long-term effects of a community-based intervention: 5 year follow-up of \u201cClubs against Drugs\u201d","volume":"106","author":"Gripenberg Abdon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009306","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T11:16:04Z","timestamp":1765710964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009306","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}}}