{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T11:37:30Z","timestamp":1769600250888,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>International prevalence rates for problem gambling are estimated at 2.3%. Problem gambling is a serious global public health concern due to adverse personal and social consequences. Previous research evaluating the effectiveness of psychological interventions for the treatment of problem gambling has been compromised by methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and the use of waitlist control groups. This article describes the study protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), behaviour therapy (BT), motivational interviewing (MI) against a non-directive supportive therapy (NDST) control, in treating problem gambling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was a mixed-methods design, with a parallel group, pragmatic RCT as the primary component, and embedded qualitative studies conducted alongside. A total of 297 participants were recruited from the community in Victoria, Australia. Individuals aged 18\u2005years and over, could communicate in English and wished to receive treatment for a gambling problem were eligible. Participants were randomly allocated in to 1 of the 4 psychological interventions: CBT, BT, MI and NDST. Repeated measures were conducted at pretreatment and post-treatment, and 6 and 12\u2005months post-treatment. The statistical analysis will use an intention-to-treat approach. Multilevel mixed modelling will be used to examine changes in the primary outcome measures: gambling symptom severity, using the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale, and gambling behaviours (frequency, time and expenditure). Secondary outcomes are depression, anxiety, stress and alcohol use. Individual semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted at pretreatment and post-treatment and 12\u2005months post-treatment for a subset of participants (n=66).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was approved by the Victorian Department of Justice, Monash University and the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committees. Findings will be reported in a government report, peer-reviewed publications and conference presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Current Controlled Trials\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"isrctn\" xlink:href=\"01629698\">ISRCTN01629698<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T01:41:14Z","timestamp":1448415674000},"page":"e009385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The PROblem Gambling RESearch Study (PROGRESS) research protocol: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for problem gambling"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"5","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn01629698","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"}],"author":[{"given":"Shane A","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S","family":"Merkouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colette J","family":"Browning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"RDNS Institute, St Kilda, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Radermacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Enticott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Research Unit, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alun C","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Heart Research Centre, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222273381000_5.11.e009385.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (APA). 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