{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T04:42:35Z","timestamp":1765600955738,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We sought to determine the prevalence of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies in Yoremes and to identify associations of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure with sociodemographic, clinical and behavioural characteristics of Yoremes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Yoremes were enrolled in the locality of Tierra Blanca in the municipality of Navojoa in Sonora State, Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 200 Yoremes (Mayos); they are an indigenous ethnic group living in a coastal region in northwestern Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We assessed the prevalence of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG and IgM antibodies in participants using enzyme-linked immunoassays. We used a standardised questionnaire to obtain the characteristics of Yoremes. The association of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure and Yoremes\u2019 characteristics was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 200 Yoremes studied (mean age: 31.50\u00b118.43\u2005years), 26 (13.0%) were positive for anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies and 19 (73.1%) of them were also positive for anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgM antibodies. Seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection did not vary with sex, educational level, occupation or socioeconomic status. In contrast, multivariate analysis of sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics showed that\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure was associated with increasing age (OR=1.02; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.04; p=0.03) and consumption of squirrel meat (OR=4.99; 95% CI 1.07 to 23.31; p=0.04). Furthermore, seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was significantly higher in Yoremes with a history of lymphadenopathy (p=0.03) and those suffering from frequent abdominal pain (p=0.03). In women,\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure was associated with a history of caesarean sections (p=0.03) and miscarriages (p=0.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We demonstrate, for the first time, serological evidence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure among Yoremes in Mexico. Results suggest that infection with\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      might be affecting the health of Yoremes. Results may be useful for an optimal design of preventive measures against\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T21:14:42Z","timestamp":1463087682000},"page":"e010218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seroprevalence and correlates of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    infection in Yoremes (Mayos) in Mexico: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Cosme","family":"Alvarado-Esquivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rasc\u00f3n-Careaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Tinoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Alba Guadalupe","family":"Corella-Madue\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Francisco","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Anguiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Lourdes","family":"Aldana-Madrid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Postgraduate in Food, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo Javier","family":"Almada-Balderrama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan Daniel","family":"Nu\u00f1ez-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Liesenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 Medical School, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121220373734000_6.5.e010218.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(95)00067-C"},{"key":"2025121220373734000_6.5.e010218.2","unstructured":"Dubey JP . 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