{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:35:58Z","timestamp":1790523358882,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There has been little study on the effect of traffic-related air pollution on the incidence and persistence of asthma in preschool children. We evaluated the association of exposure to traffic-related air pollution with the incidence\/persistence of asthma during the first 3\u2005years of life using a population-based study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A baseline survey was conducted in 1\u00bd-year-old children (n=63\u2005266). A follow-up survey at 3\u2005years of age (n=43\u2005343) identified new-onset asthma cases (n=853) and persistence of asthma (n=214). In the prevalence\/persistence study, the outdoor concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and elemental carbon (EC) at home during the first 1\u00bd\u2005years of life were estimated by a dispersion model. In the nested case\u2013control study, which regarded incidence of asthma as cases, the personal exposure levels were estimated by dispersion model including time-activity pattern.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There was no statistically significant association between the incidence of asthma between age 1\u00bd and 3\u2005years and personal exposure levels to NOx nor EC. However, the persistence of asthmatic symptoms (between 1\u00bd and 3\u2005years) was significantly associated with outdoor concentrations of NOx. ORs for the persistence of asthmatic symptoms were 6.02 (95% CI 1.51 to 23.92) for the comparison between the upper 5th and lower 25th centiles of NOx.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While no statistically significant association was observed for the incidence of asthma, the persistence of asthmatic symptoms in preschool children was significantly associated with traffic-related air pollution. This supports its importance as a risk factor in childhood airway disease.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T22:19:04Z","timestamp":1456438744000},"page":"e010410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Association between traffic-related air pollution and asthma in preschool children in a national Japanese nested case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hideki","family":"Hasunuma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Environmental Information Science, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tosiya","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Iwata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education for Childcare, Tokyo Kasei University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Kohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nitta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Odajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hospital Organization Fukuoka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshimasa","family":"Ohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center Administration Division, Center for Clinical Research, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaji","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Shima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812201476000_6.2.e010410.1","unstructured":"HEI Panel on the Health Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution. 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