{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:46:53Z","timestamp":1780400813684,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent epidemiological studies have shown that environmental factors during the fetal period to early childhood might affect the risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood. This is referred to as the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) concept. The Chiba study of Mother and Children's Health (C-MACH) is a birth cohort study based on the DOHaD hypothesis and involves multiomics analysis. This study aims to explore the effects of genetic and environmental factors\u2014particularly the fetal environment and postbirth living environment\u2014on children's health, and to identify potential biomarkers for these effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The C-MACH consists of three hospital-based cohorts. The study participants are pregnant women at &lt;13\u2005weeks gestation. Women who underwent an examination in one of the three hospitals received an explanation of the study. The participants consented to completing questionnaire surveys and the collection and storage of biological and house\/environmental samples. Participants were provided unique study numbers. All of the data and biological specimens will be stored in the Chiba University Center for Preventive Medical Sciences and Chiba University Center for Preventive Medical Sciences BioBank, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings to date<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Consent to participate was obtained from 433 women. Of these women, 376 women completed questionnaires in the early gestational period. The mean age was 32.5 (4.4) years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 21.1 (3.0) kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Before pregnancy, 72.3% of the women had a BMI of 18.5\u201324.9\u2005kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . During early pregnancy, 5.0% of the participants smoked.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future plans<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcomes are allergy, obesity, endocrine and metabolic disorders, and developmental disorders. Genome-level, metabolome-level, umbilical cord DNA methylation (epigenome), gut microbiota and environmental chemical exposure variables will be evaluated. We will analyse the relationships between the outcomes and analytical variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]],"date-time":"2016-01-29T22:04:02Z","timestamp":1454105042000},"page":"e010531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Chiba study of Mother and Children's Health (C-MACH): cohort study with omics analyses"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenobu","family":"Miyaso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akifumi","family":"Eguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Matsuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiko","family":"Todaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideoki","family":"Fukuoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Bioenvironmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90710-1","article-title":"Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Barker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2006.07.001"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9065-2"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095292"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-12-8"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00342-14"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307204","article-title":"The human early-life exposome (HELIX): project rationale and design","volume":"122","author":"Vrijheid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-110","article-title":"Urinary metabolic profiles in early pregnancy are associated with preterm birth and fetal growth restriction in the Rhea mother-child cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Maitre","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025121604483468000_6.1.e010531.10","unstructured":"Ministry of Education C, Sports, Science and Technology Japan. 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