{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T20:22:17Z","timestamp":1778876537269,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-accidental non-fatal poisoning (NANFP) is associated with high risk of repeat episodes and fatality. This cross-sectional study aims to describe the data sources and epidemiology of non-fatal poisonings (NFPs) presenting to the emergency ambulance service.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed incidents of NFP across Wales from electronic ambulance call centre records and paper records completed by attending ambulance crews, December 2007 to February 2008. We descriptively analysed data completed by attending crews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>92\u2005331 calls were made to the ambulance call centre, of which 3923 (4.2%) were coded as \u2018overdose\u2019 or \u2018poisoning\u2019. During the same period, ambulance crews recorded 1827 attended NANFP incidents in those categories, of which 1287 (70.4%) had been identified in the call centre. 76.1% (1356\/1782) were aged 15\u201344\u2005years and 54.2% (991\/1827) were female. 75.0% (1302\/1753) of incidents occurred in areas from the lower 2 quintiles of deprivation in Wales. Substance taken was reported in 90% of cases (n=1639). Multiple ingestion was common (n=886, 54.1%). Psychotropic was the most frequently taken group of substances (n=585, 32.0%) and paracetamol (n=484, 26.5%) was the most frequently taken substance prehospital. Almost half of patients had taken alcohol alongside other substances (n=844, 46.2%). Naloxone was the most frequently administered treatment (n=137, 7.5%). Only 142\/1827 (7.8%) patients were not transported to hospital, of whom 4 were recorded to have been given naloxone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We report new data on the epidemiology of NFP across substance types at national level, highlighting deficiencies in information systems and high levels of multiple ingestion. In order to develop policy and practice for this patient group prehospital and further along the care pathway, information systems need to be developed to allow accurate routine monitoring of volume, presentation and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T23:08:50Z","timestamp":1471561730000},"page":"e011049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Non-accidental non-fatal poisonings attended by emergency ambulance crews: an observational study of data sources and epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ann","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1423-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chukwudi","family":"Okolie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Porter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust, H.M.Stanley Hospital, St Asaph, Denbighshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Whitfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust, H.M.Stanley Hospital, St Asaph, Denbighshire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rossana","family":"Oretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Addiction Unit, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0173-8843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Snooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.3.193"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.2","unstructured":"CAPIC. The burden of injury in Wales. Public Health Wales NHS TRUST, 2012."},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meltzer H , Lader D , Corbin T , et al . Non-fatal suicidal behaviour among adults aged 16 to 74 in Great Britain. London: Stationery Office, 2002.","DOI":"10.1037\/e623742007-001"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61141-6"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.5","unstructured":"NICE. Understanding NICE guidance: treatments for drug misuse. London: NICE, 2007."},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.6","unstructured":"Royal College of Psychiatrists. Better services for people who self-harm: quality standards for healthcare professionals. 2006. http:\/\/www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/PDF\/Self-Harm%20Quality%20Standards.pdf (accessed 12 August 2016)."},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.7","unstructured":"Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee. UK Ambulance Services Clinical Practice Guidelines 2013. 3rd edn. Class Publishing Ltd, London. 2013."},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2004.tb00049.x"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-227X-8-15"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00291.x","article-title":"Ambulance calls to suspected overdoses: New South Wales patterns July 1997 to June 1999","volume":"25","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.1995.tb00452.x","article-title":"Using ambulance service records to examine nonfatal heroin overdoses","volume":"19","author":"Bammer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aust J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2010.108605.1"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2004.022962"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2008.059733"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.15","first-page":"82","article-title":"Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales, 2003\u201307","volume":"39","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Stat Q"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.16","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales, Statistical Bulletin, 2009. 24th August 2010."},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.17","unstructured":"Welsh Government. Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2011. 2011. http:\/\/gov.wales\/docs\/statistics\/2011\/111222wimd11techen.pdf. (accessed 12 August 2016)."},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.18","unstructured":"The Countryside Agency. Rural and Urban Area Classification 2004. 2004. http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20110215111010\/http:\/defra.gov.uk\/evidence\/statistics\/rural\/documents\/rural-defn\/Rural_Urban_Introductory_Guide.pdf. (accessed 12 August 2016)."},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.08.012"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03458.x"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02857.x"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh192"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00225-7"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2003.06.002"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302520","article-title":"Disparity in naloxone administration by emergency medical service providers and the burden of drug overdose in US rural communities","volume":"105","author":"Faul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121222332463000_6.8.e011049.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.10.073","article-title":"Temporal trends in falls cases seen by EMS in Melbourne: the effect of residence on time of day and day of week patterns","volume":"47","author":"Cantwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011049","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:33:34Z","timestamp":1765607614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011049"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011049"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011049","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}}}