{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:53:04Z","timestamp":1792608784534,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the long-term development of physical and mental health following exposure to a volcanic eruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population-based prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull erupted. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical symptoms in the previous year (chronic) and previous month (recent), and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-12-item version, GHQ-12), perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS-4) and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (Primary Care PTSD, PC-PTSD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the exposed group, certain symptoms were higher in 2013 than in 2010, for example, morning phlegm during winter (OR 2.14; 95% CI 1.49 to 3.06), skin rash\/eczema (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.76 to 4.65), back pain (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.05) and insomnia (OR 1.53; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.30), in addition to a higher prevalence of regular use of certain medications (eg, for asthma (OR 2.80; 95% CI 1.01 to 7.77)). PTSD symptoms decreased between 2010 and 2013 (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.17 to 0.61), while the prevalence of psychological distress and perceived stress remained similar. In 2013, the exposed group showed a higher prevalence of various respiratory symptoms than did the non-exposed group, such as wheezing without a cold (high exposure OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.27 to 4.47) and phlegm (high exposure OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.48 to 5.55), some symptoms reflecting the degree of exposure (eg, nocturnal chest tightness (medium exposed OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.21 to 10.46; high exposed OR 3.42; 95% CI 1.30 to 11.79)).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that people exposed to a volcanic eruption, especially those most exposed, exhibit increased risk of certain symptoms 3\u20134\u2005years after the eruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]],"date-time":"2016-09-08T22:44:39Z","timestamp":1473374679000},"page":"e011444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Long-term health effects of the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcanic eruption: a prospective cohort study in 2010 and 2013"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Hlodversdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Petursdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability Studies, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1656-9624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne Krage","family":"Carlsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thorarinn","family":"Gislason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arna","family":"Hauksdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Public Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121605083625000_6.9.e011444.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00572","article-title":"Ash generation and distribution from the April\u2013May 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull, Iceland","volume":"2","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121605083625000_6.9.e011444.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.08.011","article-title":"Physicochemical and toxicological profiling of ash from the 2010 and 2011 eruptions of Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull and Gr\u00edmsv\u00f6tn volcanoes, Iceland using a rapid respiratory hazard assessment protocol","volume":"127","author":"Horwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2025121605083625000_6.9.e011444.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JB008756","article-title":"High levels of particulate matter in Iceland due to direct ash emissions by the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull eruption and resuspension of deposited ash","volume":"117","author":"Thorsteinsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Solid Earth"},{"key":"2025121605083625000_6.9.e011444.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000343"},{"key":"2025121605083625000_6.9.e011444.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001851"},{"key":"2025121605083625000_6.9.e011444.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200611001-00400","article-title":"Health effects of environmental contamination due to volcanic ash from Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) in autumn 2002","volume":"17","author":"Fano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2025121605083625000_6.9.e011444.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-699X.2010.00231.x","article-title":"Respiratory health effects of volcanic ash with special reference to Iceland. 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