{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T11:27:57Z","timestamp":1781177277835,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite recommendations that pregnant women increase their docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake to support fetal brain development, a recent systematic review found a lack of high-quality data to support the long-term effects of DHA supplementation on children's neurodevelopment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will assess child neurodevelopment at 7\u2005years of age in follow-up of a multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial of DHA supplementation in pregnancy. In 2010\u20132012, n=2399 Australian women with a singleton pregnancy &lt;21\u2005weeks\u2019 gestation were randomised to receive 3 capsules daily containing a total dose of 800\u2005mg DHA\/day or a vegetable oil placebo until birth. N=726 children from Adelaide (all n=97 born preterm, random sample of n=630 born at term) were selected for neurodevelopmental follow-up and n=638 (preterm n=85) are still enrolled at 7\u2005years of age. At the 7-year follow-up, a psychologist will assess the primary outcome, IQ, with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, Second Edition. Specific measures of executive functioning (Fruit Stroop and the Rey Complex Figure), attention (Test of Everyday Attention for Children), memory and learning (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test), language (Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition) and basic educational skills (Wide Range Achievement Test, Fourth Edition) will also be administered. Caregivers will be asked to complete questionnaires measuring behaviour and executive functioning. Families, clinicians and research personnel are blinded to group assignment with the exception of families who requested unblinding prior to the follow-up. All analyses will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All procedures will be approved by the relevant institutional ethics committees prior to start of the study. The results of this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journal publications and academic presentations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration numbers<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ACTRN12605000569606 and ACTRN12614000770662.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,18]],"date-time":"2016-05-18T00:09:56Z","timestamp":1463530196000},"page":"e011465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Does n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy increase the IQ of children at school age? Follow-up of a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline F","family":"Gould","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's & Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karli","family":"Treyvaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infant Brain Studies (VIBeS), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa N","family":"Yelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's & Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infant Brain Studies (VIBeS), Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa G","family":"Smithers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOODplus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"McPhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Services, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Makrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women's & Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.855","article-title":"Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development","volume":"137","author":"Innis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(97)90004-7"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81247-8"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.4","unstructured":"Anderson V , Jacobs R , Anderson P . Executive functions and the frontal lobes. A lifespan perspective. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2008."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3264"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.50"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.4.1.21.3188"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60277-3"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000129514.46451.ce"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.3.789","article-title":"Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with attainment of developmental milestones in early childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"88","author":"Oken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn034"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008003947"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01908.x"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00737.x"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640802646734"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2006.09.004"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16260-0"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.1.e39"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2762"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(02)02585-1"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.22","first-page":"48","article-title":"Supplementation of fish-oil and soy-oil during pregnancy and psychomotor development of infants","volume":"24","author":"Tofail","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.6.1572","article-title":"Maternal consumption of a docosahexaenoic acid-containing functional food during pregnancy: benefit for infant performance on problem-solving but not on recognition memory tasks at age 9 mo","volume":"85","author":"Judge","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.24","first-page":"E23","article-title":"Analysis of long term effects of fish oil and 5-MTHF supplementation to pregnant women on neurological outcome of their offspring: the Nuheal trial","volume":"50","author":"Campoy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3535-7_15","article-title":"Effect of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy: the Nuheal trial","volume":"569","author":"Decsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.099085"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2011.01.002"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.28","unstructured":"Carlson SE , Colombo J . KUDOS Trial. Secondary KUDOS Trial. http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00266825?term=DHA+and+pregnancy&rank=5"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.29","unstructured":"Karlsson T , Birberg-Thornberg U , Duchen K , et al . LC- PUFA supplemented to mothers during pregnancy and breast-feeding improves cognitive performance in the children four years later-an rct study. ISSFAL. Maastricht, 2010:113."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan U , Martorell R , Stein AD , et al . Effect of prenatal supplementation with docosahexanoic acid on child size and development at 18 mo: randomized placebo-controlled trial in Mexico. ISSFAL. Maastricht, 2010:112.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.24.1_supplement.227.6"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e83764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083764","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in infants before birth identified using a randomized trial of maternal DHA supplementation in pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Mulder","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000864","article-title":"Effects of maternal \u03a9-3 supplementation on fatty acids and on visual and cognitive development","volume":"61","author":"Hurtado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7032061"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.045781","article-title":"The effect of maternal omega-3 (n-3) LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy on early childhood cognitive and visual development: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1507"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.069203"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2194","article-title":"Four-year follow-up of children born to women in a randomized trial of prenatal DHA supplementation","volume":"311","author":"Makrides","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80853-8"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002105X"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.41","unstructured":"Anderson V , Northam E , Hendy J , et al . Developmental neuropsychology\u2014a clinical approach. East Sussex: Psychology Press, 2001."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.42","unstructured":"Baron IS . Neuropsychological evaluation of the child. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4302.482"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-1130.2011.00281.x","article-title":"Adult careers: does childhood IQ predict later life outcome?","volume":"8","author":"Firkowska-Mankiewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"JPolicy Practice Intellect Disabil"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0334"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wechsler D . Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. 2nd edn. PsychCorp; Pearson. USA: Pearson, 2011.","DOI":"10.1037\/t15171-000"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.47","first-page":"286","article-title":"L'examen clinique en psychlolgique dans les cas d'encephalopathic traumatique","volume":"28","author":"Rey","year":"1941","journal-title":"Arch of Psychol"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.5.2.115.3167","article-title":"Identification and description of new tests of executive functioning in children","volume":"115-129","author":"Archibald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.49","unstructured":"Semel E , Wiig EH , Secord WA . Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals fourth edition Australia and New Zealand standardised edition. PsychCorp; Pearson. Sydney, Australia: Pearson Clinical and Talent Assessment, 2006."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.50","unstructured":"Gioia GA , Isquith PK , Guy SC , et al . Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. FL, USA: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1996."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.51","unstructured":"Manly T , Robertson IH , Anderson V , et al . TEA-Ch: the test of everyday attention for children. UK: Thames Valley Test Company Ltd. Bury St Edmunds, 1999."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001057"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.53","unstructured":"Rey A . L'examen clnique en psychologie. Paris: Press Universitaire de France, 1964."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.54","unstructured":"Conners CK . Conners 3TM ADHD index -parent. Multi-health systems. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, 2008."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson GS , Robertson GJ . Wide range achievement test 4. FL, USA: Psychological Assessment Resources, 2006.","DOI":"10.1037\/t27160-000"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.84.1.7","article-title":"Iron deficiency anemia: adverse effects on infant psychomotor development","volume":"84","author":"Walter","year":"1989","journal-title":"Paediatrics"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199210293271805"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.945"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.59","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization. Interim summary of conclusions and dietary recommendations on total fat & fatty acids. Geneva, 2008:1\u201314."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000228998"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507764747","article-title":"Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women","volume":"98","author":"Koletzko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.62","first-page":"1","volume":"236","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2005","journal-title":"The EFSA Journal"},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.63","unstructured":"Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Vitamins and mineral supplementation in pregnancy. College Statement, 2011. http:\/\/www.ranzcog.edu.au\/component\/content\/article\/503-college-statements-and-guidelines\/c-obs\/279-vitamins-and-minerals-supplementation-c-obs-25.html (accessed Nov 2013)."},{"key":"2025121601165264000_6.5.e011465.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10887-006-7407-2","article-title":"Intelligence, human capital and economic growth: a Bayesian averaging of classical estimates approach","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Econ Growth"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011465","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:17:06Z","timestamp":1765876626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011465","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}}}