{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:23:54Z","timestamp":1785867834832,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aim to determine the effectiveness of a school-based violence prevention programme implemented in Jamaican preschools, on reducing the levels of aggression among children at school, and violence against children by teachers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a 2-arm, single-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial with parallel assignment. Clusters are 76 preschools in Kingston, and all teachers and classrooms in the selected schools are included in the study. In addition, a random sample of up to 12 children in the 4-year-old classes have been selected for evaluation of child-level outcomes. The intervention involves training teachers in classroom behaviour management and in strategies to promote children's social-emotional competence. Training is delivered through five full-day workshops, monthly in-class coaching over 2 school terms, and weekly text messages. The primary outcome measures are: (1) observed levels of child aggression and (2) observed violence against children by teachers. Secondary outcomes include observations of the levels of children's prosocial behaviour and the quality of the classroom environment, teachers\u2019 reports of their mental health, teacher-reported child mental health, direct tests of children's self-regulation and child attendance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>If this intervention were effective at improving the caregiving environment of young children in school, this would have significant implications for the prevention of child mental health problems, and prevention of violence against children in low and middle-income countries where services are often limited. The intervention is integrated into the school system and involves training existing staff, and thus, represents an appropriate strategy for large-scale implementation and benefits at the population level. Ethical consent for the study was given by the School of Psychology Ethics and Research Committee, Bangor University (ref: 2014-14167), and by the University of the West Indies Ethics Committee (ref: ECP 50,14\/15).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ISRCTN11968472; Pre-results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T00:35:10Z","timestamp":1462926910000},"page":"e012166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Irie Classroom Toolbox: a study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial of a universal violence prevention programme in Jamaican preschools"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Baker-Henningham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK"},{"name":"Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Vera-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Evaluation of Development Policies, Institute of Fiscal Studies, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Alderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.1","unstructured":"Dahlberg LL , Krug EG . Chapter 1: violence\u2014a global public health problem. In: Krug EG , Dahlberg LL , Mercy JA , et al ., eds. World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2002:2\u201322."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moffitt T , Scott S . Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence. In: Rutter M , Bishop D , Pine D , et al ., eds. Rutter's child and adolescent psychiatry. 5th edn. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Inc, 2008:543 \u2013 64.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444300895.ch35"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.04.011"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.162.12.1133"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.00964.x"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.6","unstructured":"United Nations Secretary-General's Study. Violence against children. Chapter 3: Violence against children in schools and educational settings. New York: United Nations, 2006:111\u201357."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e378","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00060-1","article-title":"The Good School Toolkit for reducing physical violence from school staff to primary school students: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Uganda","volume":"385","author":"Devries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60827-1"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.9","unstructured":"Meeks-Gardner J , Henry-Lee A , Chevannes P , et al . Regional assessment. Violence against children in the Caribbean region. Kingston, Jamaica: UNICEF Jamaica, 2005."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.10","unstructured":"Samms-Vaughan M . Profiles: The Jamaican preschool child. The status of early childhood development in Jamaica. Kingston, Jamaica: Planning Institute of Jamaica, 2005."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200201000-00014"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096834"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.05.011"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01208.x"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster-Stratton C . The incredible years training series. Washington DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Justice Bulletin, 2000.","DOI":"10.1037\/e300152004-001"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.16","first-page":"460","article-title":"Preventing behaviour problems through a universal intervention in Jamaican basic schools: A pilot study","volume":"58","author":"Baker-Henningham","year":"2009","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2009.00996.x"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-008-0036-x"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.3.379"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-005-3565-5"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.21","unstructured":"Pianta R , La Paro K , Hamre B . Classroom assessment scoring system manual Pre-K. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co, 2008."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233517"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.24","unstructured":"Bandura A . Teacher self-efficacy scale. 2014. http:\/\/u.osu.edu\/hoy.17\/files\/2014\/09\/Bandura-Instr-1sdm5sg.pdf (accessed 15 Jul 2015)."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.25","unstructured":"Richmond VP , Wrench JS , Gorham J . Communication, affect and learning in the classroom. Acton MA: Tapestry Press, 2001."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206014"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022658222914"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.28","unstructured":"Shonkoff JP , Phillips DA . From neurons to neighbourhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington DC: National Academy Press, 2000."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.04.008"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025361"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90068-X"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.01.002"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.33","unstructured":"Braun HI, ed . The collected works of John W. Tukey. Vol. VIII: multiple comparisons: 1948\u20131983. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1994."},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60889-1"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.803"},{"key":"2025120519012316000_6.5.e012166.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt226"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T03:01:34Z","timestamp":1764990094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}}}