{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T07:30:39Z","timestamp":1777620639778,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a possibility of underestimation in the smoking rate surveyed by self-reported questionnaires. This study investigated the difference between the Korean female smoking rate as determined by self-reports and that determined by a biochemical test and elucidated the relationship between women's smoking and laryngeal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2008 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1849 women who completed the health survey, urinary cotinine test and laryngoscope examinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study defined smokers as those with urine cotinine contents of 50\u2005ng\/mL and over. Confounding factors included age, level of education, household income, occupation and problem drinking in the past year. For statistical tests, OR and 95% CI were presented by using complex samples logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While there was no relationship between smoking as determined by a self-reported questionnaire and laryngeal disorders, smoking as determined by the urine cotinine test had a significant relationship with laryngeal disorders (p&lt;0.05). After all the confounding factors were adjusted, those with urine cotinine concentrations of over 50\u2005ng\/mL had a 2.1 times higher risk of laryngeal disorders than those with urine cotinine concentrations of &lt;50\u2005ng\/mL (OR=2.05, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.78) (p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This national cross-sectional study verified that smoking is a significant risk factor for laryngeal disorders. Longitudinal studies are required to identify the causal relationship between smoking and laryngeal disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]],"date-time":"2016-11-21T21:30:30Z","timestamp":1479763830000},"page":"e012169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship between women's smoking and laryngeal disorders based on the urine cotinine test: results of a national population-based survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3363-390X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haewon","family":"Byeon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech Language Pathology & Audiology, School of Public Health, Nambu University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongwoo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Public Health, Honam University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunghyoun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Public Health, Nambu University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121604275675000_6.11.e012169.1","unstructured":"OECD Health Statistics, OECD Health data. 2014. http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/els\/health-systems\/oecd-health-statistics-2014-frequently-requested-data.htm (accessed 20 Mar 2016)."},{"key":"2025121604275675000_6.11.e012169.2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Women's smoking behavior: factors and policy options","volume":"172","author":"Seo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Welfare Policy Forum"},{"key":"2025121604275675000_6.11.e012169.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-014-0156-z","article-title":"Does South Korea have hidden female smokers: discrepancies in smoking rates between self-reports and urinary cotinine level","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"2025121604275675000_6.11.e012169.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050012"},{"key":"2025121604275675000_6.11.e012169.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodgman A , Perfetti TA , The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke. 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