{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:09:41Z","timestamp":1789625381298,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000008","name":"David and Lucile Packard Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2009-34564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009-34564"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a high-intensity model (HIM) and a low-intensity model (LIM) of behaviour change communication interventions in Bihar and Jharkhand states of India designed to improve women's knowledge and usage of safe abortion services, as well as the dose effect of intervention exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted two cross-sectional household surveys among married women aged 15\u201349\u2005years in intervention and comparison districts. Difference-in-difference models were used to assess the efficacy of the intervention, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although both intervention types improved abortion knowledge, the HIM intervention was more effective in improving comprehensive knowledge about abortion. In particular, there were improvements in knowledge on legality of abortion (AOR=2.2; 95% CI 1.6 to 2.9) and nearby sources of safe abortion care (AOR=1.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher level of exposure to abortion-related messages was related to more accurate knowledge about abortion within both intervention groups. Evidence was mixed on changes in abortion care-seeking behaviour. More work is needed to ensure that women seek safe abortion services in lieu of informal services that may be more likely to lead to postabortion complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,25]],"date-time":"2017-02-25T20:10:15Z","timestamp":1488053415000},"page":"e012198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluating the relative effectiveness of high-intensity and low-intensity models of behaviour change communication interventions for abortion care-seeking in Bihar and Jharkhand, India: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Sushanta K","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDF, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipas, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Global Health and Population, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janardan","family":"Warvadekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDF, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danish U","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDF, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangeeta","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDF, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.1","unstructured":"Registrar General of India. Maternal mortality in India: 1997\u20132003. Trends, causes and risk factors. New Delhi: Registrar General of India, 2006."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(04)24009-5"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.3","unstructured":"Johnston HB . Abortion practice in India: a review of literature. Mumbai, India: Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT), 2002."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-175","article-title":"Woman-centered research on access to safe abortion services and implications for behavioral change communication interventions: a cross-sectional study of women in Bihar and Jharkhand, India","volume":"12","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1080\/01292980600857740","article-title":"The impact of a mass media campaign on HIV\/AIDS knowledge and behavior change in North India: results from a longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Sood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian J Commun"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3418908"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.7","unstructured":"MEASURE Evaluation PRH. Family Planning and Reproductive Health Indicators Database. 2012."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.8","unstructured":"Pathfinder International. Straight to the point: Evaluation of Behavior Change Activities. Change Starts Here. Training material-Monitoring & evaluation. Watertown, MA: Pathfinder International, 2014. https:\/\/cdn2.sph.harvard.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/32\/2014\/05\/StraightToThePoint_Pathfinder_Tool_2011.pdf"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.9","unstructured":"West P . Cost-Effectiveness of Regional HIV and AIDS Behaviour Change Communication (BCC). Programme, DFID South Africa, Final Report. London: DFID Human Development Resource Centre, 2010."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1363\/3914213","article-title":"Effectiveness of a behavior change communication intervention to improve knowledge and perceptions about abortion in Bihar and Jharkhand, India","volume":"39","author":"Banerjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.11","unstructured":"Banerjee SK , Andersen KL , Warvadekar J , et al . Sharing messages about safe abortion services: evaluating the Ipas BCC intervention in Bihar and Jharkhand. New Delhi, India: Ipas India, 2012."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.12","unstructured":"Banerjee SK , Andersen K , Mondal S . Knowledge and care seeking behavior of safe abortion in four selected districts of Bihar and Jharkhand, India . Population Association of America Annual Meeting. Detroit, MI, 2009."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.13","unstructured":"Aich P , Banerjee SK , Jha TK , et al . Situation analysis of MTP services in Bihar. Delhi: Ipas India, 2011."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.14","unstructured":"Aich P , Banerjee SK , Jha TK , et al . Situation analysis of MTP services in Jharkhand. New Delhi: Ipas India; 2011."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.15","unstructured":"Ganatra B , Banerjee SK . Expanding community-based access to medical abortion in Jharkhand: a pre-intervention baseline survey in selected two blocks of Ranchi and Khunti Districts. New Delhi, India: Ipas India, 2010."},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.16","unstructured":"Gertler PJ , Martinez S , Premand P , et al . Impact evaluation in practice. Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. 2011. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/2550"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(05)26215-8"},{"key":"2025120518524659000_7.2.e012198.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyl036"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012198","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T02:52:57Z","timestamp":1764989577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}}}