{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T16:36:49Z","timestamp":1788021409311,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We determined the seroprevalence and correlates of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women were enrolled in the central Mexican city of Aguascalientes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied 338 pregnant women who attended prenatal care in 3 public health centres.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Women were examined for IgG\/IgM antibodies to\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      by using commercially available enzyme immunoassays, and an avidity test. Multiple analyses were used to determine the association of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity with the characteristics of the pregnant women.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 338 pregnant women studied, 21 (6.2%) had IgG antibodies to\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and 1 (4.8%) of them was also positive for IgM antibodies to\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Avidity of IgG antibodies to\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      was high in the IgM-positive sample. Logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic, behavioural and housing variables showed that\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity was associated with white ethnicity (OR=149.4; 95% CI 10.8 to 2054.1; p&lt;0.01), not washing hands before eating (OR=6.41; 95% CI 1.73 to 23.6; p=0.005) and use of latrine (OR=37.6; 95% CI 4.63 to 306.31; p=0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results demonstrate that pregnant women in Aguascalientes City have a low seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. However, this low prevalence indicates that most pregnant women are at risk for a primary infection. Factors associated with\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure found in this study, including food hygiene, may be useful to determine preventive measures against\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and its sequelae.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T23:33:45Z","timestamp":1467416025000},"page":"e012409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Seroepidemiology of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    in pregnant women in Aguascalientes City, Mexico: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Cosme","family":"Alvarado-Esquivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Terrones-Sald\u00edvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Tinoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Daniela Enriqueta","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Terrones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Oswaldo","family":"Gallegos-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Francisco","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Anguiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha Elena","family":"Reyes-Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Jaramillo-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Aguascalientes, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Liesenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 Medical School, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Medical and Scientific Affairs, Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Estrada-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121400410196000_6.7.e012409.1","unstructured":"Dubey JP . 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