{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T05:56:17Z","timestamp":1778824577545,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Abortion is a sensitive issue; many cultures disapprove of it, which leads to under-reporting. This study sought to estimate the rate of abortion visibility in the city of Kerman, Iran\u2014that is, the percentage of acquaintances who knew about a particular abortion. For estimating the visibility rate, it is crucial to use the network scale-up method, which is a new, indirect method of estimating sensitive behaviours more accurately.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This cross-sectional study was conducted in Kerman, Iran using various methods to ensure the cooperation of clinicians and women. A total of 222 women who had had an abortion within the previous year (74 elective, 74 medical and 74 spontaneous abortions) were recruited. Participants were asked how many of their acquaintances were aware of their abortion. Abortion visibility was estimated by abortion type. 95% CIs were calculated by a bootstrap procedure. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis was conducted to assess the variables related to visibility.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The visibility (95% CI) of elective, medical and spontaneous abortion was 8% (6% to 10%), 60% (54% to 66%) and 50% (43% to 57%), respectively. Women and consanguineal family were more likely to be aware of the abortion than men and affinal family. Non-family members had a low probability of knowing about the abortion, except in elective cases. Abortion type, marital status, sex of the acquaintance and closeness of the relationship were the most important determinants of abortion visibility in the final multifactorial model.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study shows the visibility rate to be low, but it does differ among social network members and by the type of abortion in question. This difference might be explained through social and cultural norms as well as stigma surrounding abortion. The low visibility rate might explain the low estimates of abortion rates found in other studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T22:54:30Z","timestamp":1476399270000},"page":"e012761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Estimating the visibility rate of abortion: a case study of Kerman, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Zamanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Baneshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AliAkbar","family":"Haghdoost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Zolala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022840"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv174"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2008.00158.x","article-title":"Rates of induced abortion in Iran: the roles of contraceptive use and religiosity","volume":"39","author":"Erfani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.4","first-page":"47","article-title":"The causes of illegal abortions and their methods in outpatient clinics of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences","volume":"18","author":"Veisi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci J Forensic Med"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.5","first-page":"71","article-title":"Abortion in Iranian legal system: a review","volume":"13","author":"Abbasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932010000507"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.11.1825"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69481-6"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.9","first-page":"183","article-title":"The process of illegal abortion: a qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Shahbazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Payesh"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.10","first-page":"413","article-title":"Understanding reasons why women facing unintended pregnancy seeking for abortion: a qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Payesh: Journal of Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.11","unstructured":"Reporting of induced and spontaneous abortion in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Health Statistics National Survey of Family Growth Research Conference, 2006."},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.12","unstructured":"Paniotto V , Petrenko T , Kupriyanov O , et al . Estimating the size of populations with high risk for HIV using the network scale-up method. Ukraine: Kiev International Institute of Sociology, 2009."},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(96)00305-X"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.14","first-page":"49","article-title":"Social network analysis and estimating the size of hard-to-count subpopulations1","volume":"26","author":"Jackson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.15","unstructured":"Rwanda Biomedical Center\/Institute of HIV\/AIDS DPaCDRI, School of Public Health (SPH), UNAIDS, and ICF International. Estimating the Size of Populations through a Household Survey. Calverton, Maryland, USA: RBC\/IHDPC, SPF, UNAIDS, and ICF International, 2012."},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2010.10.006"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031184"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0136038","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136038","article-title":"Cancer visibility among Iranian familial networks: to what extent can we rely on family history reports?","volume":"10","author":"Molavi Vardanjani","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15765","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.15765","article-title":"Estimating the annual incidence of abortions in Iran applying a network scale-up approach","volume":"16","author":"Rastegari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.20","unstructured":"Zolala F . Exploring routine data collection systems in Iran, focussing on maternal mortality and using the city of Bam as a case study. The University of Edinburgh, 2011."},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2061911"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.22","unstructured":"Jones EF , Forrest JD . Use of supplementary survey of abortion patients to correct contraceptive failure rates for underreporting of abortion. New York: United Nations. Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, Measuring the Dynamics of Contraceptive Use,1991:139\u201352."},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.23","first-page":"171","article-title":"The social consequences of infertility on family in Isfahan","volume":"4","author":"Mojtaba Shahnooshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Sci"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7924.2012.00208.x","article-title":"Experiences of infertility through the lens of Iranian infertile women: a qualitative study","volume":"10","author":"Behboodi-Moghadam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Nurs Sci"},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.25","unstructured":"Flaherty DG . Telling our stories: a phenomenological study of the leader's gendered experience of self-disclosing. Antioch University, 2006."},{"key":"2025101812583108000_6.10.e012761.26","unstructured":"Derlaga VJ , Berg JH . 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The role of self-disclosure in the social construction of friendship","volume":"XIV","author":"Christensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"UW-L J Undergraduate Res"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012761","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T19:58:40Z","timestamp":1760817520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012761","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}}}