{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T04:41:22Z","timestamp":1765082482530,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depression is a mood disorder that affects a significant proportion of the population worldwide. In Malaysia and Australia, the number of people diagnosed with depression is on the rise. It has been found that impairments in emotion processing and emotion regulation play a role in the development and maintenance of depression. This study is based on Matsumoto and Hwang's biocultural model of emotion and Triandis' Subjective Culture model. It aims to investigate the influence of culture on emotion processing among Malaysians and Australians with and without major depressive disorder (MDD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study will adopt a between-group design. Participants will include Malaysian Malays and Caucasian Australians with and without MDD (N=320). There will be four tasks involved in this study, namely: (1) the facial emotion recognition task, (2) the biological motion task, (3) the subjective experience task and (4) the emotion meaning task. It is hypothesised that there will be cultural differences in how participants with and without MDD respond to these emotion tasks and that, pan-culturally, MDD will influence accuracy rates in the facial emotion recognition task and the biological motion task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is approved by the Universiti Putra Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (JKEUPM) and the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee (MUHREC). Permission to conduct the study has also been obtained from the National Medical Research Register (NMRR; NMRR-15-2314-26919). On completion of the study, data will be kept by Universiti Putra Malaysia for a specific period of time before they are destroyed. Data will be published in a collective manner in the form of journal articles with no reference to a specific individual.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,22]],"date-time":"2016-10-22T00:03:08Z","timestamp":1477094588000},"page":"e012774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protocol for a between-group experimental study examining cultural differences in emotion processing between Malay and Caucasian adults with and without major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"S N","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Jobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. World health statistics. Geneva, 2012. Retrieved March 2015. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/44844\/1\/9789241564441_eng.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.2","unstructured":"Depression on the rise as Malaysians burn out from stress, expert warns. The Malay Mail Online. Retrieved on 21 July 2016. http:\/\/www.themalaymailonline.com\/malaysia\/article\/depression-on-the-rise-as-malaysians-burn-out-from-stress-expert-warns"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.3","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH). National Suicide Registry Malaysia: annual report 2009 . Malaysia. 2009."},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.4","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. National survey of mental health and wellbeing: summary of results, 2007. Canberra: ABS, 2008."},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.5","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. Causes of death, Australia 2014, preliminary data. Canberra: ABS, 2016."},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/1461380032000182830","article-title":"Collectivistic versus individualistic cultures: a comparison of American, Australian and Chinese music education students\u2019 self-esteem","volume":"6","author":"Brand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Music Educ Res"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorodnichenko Y & Roland G . Understanding the individualism-collectivism cleavage and its effects: Lessons from cultural psychology. In Aoki M , Kuran T & G. Roland G , eds. Institutions and Comparative Economic Development. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012:213\u201336.","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137034014_12"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.8","first-page":"47","article-title":"Depression across ethnic minority cultures: diagnostic issues","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2007","journal-title":"World Cult Psychiatriy Res Rev"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00082","article-title":"Depressive symptoms are associated with more hopelesness among white than black older adults","volume":"4","author":"Assari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00053","article-title":"Ethnic variation in the cross-sectional association between domains of depressive symptoms and clinical depression","volume":"7","author":"Assari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.11","unstructured":"Gotlib IH , Hammen CL . Handbook of depression. New York: Guilford Press, 2009."},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2011.567402"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.13","first-page":"684","article-title":"Not saying I am happy does not mean I am not: cultural influences on responses to positive affect items in the CES-D","volume":"65B","author":"Jang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.15","first-page":"10","article-title":"Culture and depression","volume":"31","author":"Kleinmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.305"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2016.00040","article-title":"Race, depressive symptoms, and all-cause mortality in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Assari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.04.004","article-title":"Ethnicity moderated the relationship between depressive symptom severity and C reactive protein: 2005-2010 NHANES data","volume":"41","author":"Case","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.19","first-page":"55","article-title":"Understanding cultural influences on depression by analyzing a measure of its constituent symptoms","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Psychol Stu"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270170046"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.117.2.300"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.1.10"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.23","first-page":"259","article-title":"Cultural differences in the development and characteristics of depression","volume":"14","author":"Juhasz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Hung"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpsych.2014.44045","article-title":"Cultural influences on the presentation of depression","volume":"4","author":"Shafi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.09.021","article-title":"Facial perception bias in patients with major depression","volume":"197","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00004","article-title":"Major depressive disorder alter perception of emotional body movements","volume":"5","author":"Kaletsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.03.001","article-title":"Recognition of emotion from body language among patients with unipolar depression","volume":"209","author":"Loi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028391","article-title":"Comparing biological motion perception in two distinct human societies","volume":"6","author":"Pica","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022111420147"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/026999399379023","article-title":"The role of culture and gender in the relationship between positive and negative affect","volume":"13","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cogn Emotion"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.4.766"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931003612114","article-title":"Cultural difference in the dialectical and non-dialectical emotional styles and their implication for health","volume":"25","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn Emotion"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scollon CN , Diener E , Oishi S , et al . Culture and well-being 2009;38:203\u201328. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-90-481-2352-0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-2352-0_10"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.5.890"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/026999300379003","article-title":"Culture, emotion, and well-being: good feelings in Japan and the United States","volume":"14","author":"Kitayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cogn Emotion"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of emotions as organized by culture","volume":"49","author":"Trommsdorff","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISSBD Newsl"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Altarriba J , Basnight DM , Canary TM . Emotion representation and perception across cultures. In: Lonner WJ , Dinnel DL , Hayes SA , Sattler DN, eds . Online readings in psychology and culture (Unit 4, Chapter 5). Bellingham, WA, USA: Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Western Washington University, 2003.","DOI":"10.9707\/2307-0919.1033"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Triandis HC . The analysis of subjective culture. New York: Wiley, 1972.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780824885489-017"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.39","unstructured":"First MB , Spitzer RL , Williams JB . Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders SCID-I. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1996."},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.44","first-page":"51","article-title":"Exploratory and confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory for Malays (BDI-Malay) in Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malays J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167294205014"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106939719502900302"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.47","unstructured":"McNair DM , Lorr M , Droppleman IF . Manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service, 1971."},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.45.268","article-title":"The association between risk factors and low back pain among commercial vehicle drivers in Penincular Malaysia: a preliminary result","volume":"45","author":"Tamrin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.50","first-page":"79","article-title":"World Health Organisation Quality of Life Assessment: brief version in Bahasa Malaysia","volume":"58","author":"Hasannah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med J Malays"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.52","first-page":"56","article-title":"Development of a Japanese version of emotion regulation questionnaire","volume":"20","author":"Yoshizu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jpn J Res Emot"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022104273656"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044473"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020989"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.56","first-page":"354","article-title":"Understanding subjective depressive experiences of adolescents: its implication to intervention","volume":"9","author":"Yip","year":"2004","journal-title":"Peadiatr"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalili MN , Schofield-Toloza L , Munafo MR , et al . Emotion recognition training using composite faces generalises across identities but not all emotions. Cogn Emotion 2016:1\u201310 doi:10.1080\/02699931.2016.1169999","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2016.1169999"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.11.007","article-title":"Feedback training induces bias for detecting happiness or fear in facial expressions that generalises to a novel task","volume":"230","author":"Griffiths","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-46-1-2-79","article-title":"dysfunctions of facial emotion recognition in adult neuropsychiatric disorders: influence on interpersonal difficulties","volume":"46","author":"Kornreich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychologica Belgica"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.107086"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713001517","article-title":"Addressing perceptual insensitivity to facial affect in violent offenders first evidence for the efficacy of a novel implicit training approach","volume":"44","author":"Schonenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.62","first-page":"249030","article-title":"Recognition of facial expression in individuals with elevated levels of depressive symptoms: an eye-movement study","volume":"2012","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Depress Res Treat"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1024\/1421-0185\/a000060","article-title":"How mood states affect information processing during facial emotion recognition: an eye tracking study","volume":"70","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Swiss J Psychol"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-011-9396-5"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.5","article-title":"The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target","volume":"16","author":"Miller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Revi Immunol"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-200"},{"key":"2025120619091796000_6.10.e012774.67","first-page":"24","article-title":"Depression and inflammation: examining the link","volume":"12","author":"Almond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012774","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T03:10:01Z","timestamp":1765077001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012774","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}}}