{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:19:50Z","timestamp":1789370390645,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the association between\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and Parkinson's disease and to investigate whether\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity is associated with the general characteristics of patients with Parkinson's disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cases and controls were enrolled in Durango City, Mexico.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>65 patients with Parkinson's disease and 195 age- and gender-matched control subjects without Parkinson's disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serum samples of participants were analysed for anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG and IgM antibodies by commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassays. Prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was determined in seropositive subjects using PCR. The association between clinical data and infection was examined by bivariate analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG antibodies were found in 6\/65 cases (9.2%) and in 21\/195 controls (10.8%) (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.32 to 2.18; p=0.81). The frequency of high (&gt;150\u2005IU\/mL) antibody levels was similar among cases and controls (p=0.34). None of the anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG positive cases and four of the anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgG positive controls had anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      IgM antibodies (p=0.54). The prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA was comparable in seropositive cases and controls (16.7% and 25%, respectively; p=1.0). Seroprevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was associated with a young age onset of disease (p=0.03), high Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale scores (p=0.04) and depression (p=0.02). Seropositivity to\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was lower in patients treated with pramipexole than in patients without this treatment (p=0.01). However, none of the associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results do not support an association between\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and Parkinson's disease. However,\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection might have an influence on certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Further research to elucidate the role of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposure on Parkinson's disease is warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T20:40:27Z","timestamp":1487018427000},"page":"e013019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["<i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    exposure and Parkinson's disease: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Cosme","family":"Alvarado-Esquivel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edna Madai","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Salas-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis \u00c1ngel","family":"Ruano-Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital \u201c450\u201d, Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Tinoco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Arias-Carri\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento y Sue\u00f1o, Hospital General Dr Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, M\u00e9xico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis Francisco","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Anguiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Xavier","family":"Castellanos-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ada Agustina","family":"Sandoval-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Scientific Research \u201cDr. Roberto Rivera-Damm\u201d, Ju\u00e1rez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Liesenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charit\u00e9 Medical School, Hindenburgdamm 27, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Roche Molecular Diagnostics, Pleasanton, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agar","family":"Ramos-Nev\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Durango, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121601422057000_7.2.e013019.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2014.10.005"},{"key":"2025121601422057000_7.2.e013019.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x"},{"key":"2025121601422057000_7.2.e013019.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X"},{"key":"2025121601422057000_7.2.e013019.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0255"},{"key":"2025121601422057000_7.2.e013019.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12163"},{"key":"2025121601422057000_7.2.e013019.6","unstructured":"Dubey JP . 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