{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:59:44Z","timestamp":1790074784456,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross-sectional epidemiological study we aimed to identify molecular profiles for\n                      <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and to determine how these molecular profiles were related to patient demographic and clinical characteristics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Molecular typing methods previously identified two genetically distinct subpopulations for\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis;<\/jats:italic>\n                      however, few molecular epidemiological studies have been performed. We now increased the sensitivity of a previously described multilocus sequence typing (MLST) tool for\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      by using nested PCR. This enabled the typing of direct patient samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From January to December 2014, we collected all\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive samples as detected by routine laboratory testing. Samples from patients either came from general practitioners offices or from the sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic in Amsterdam. Epidemiological data for the STI clinic patients were retrieved from electronic patient files.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The primary outcome was the success rate of genotyping direct\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive samples. The secondary outcome was the relation between\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes and risk factors for STI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 7 MLST loci were successfully typed for 71\/87 clinical samples. The 71 typed samples came from 69 patients, the majority of whom were women (n=62; 90%) and half (n=34; 49%) were STI clinic patients. Samples segregated into a two population structure for\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      representing genotypes I and II. Genotype I was most common (n=40; 59.7%). STI clinic patients infected with genotype II reported more sexual partners in the preceding 6\u2005months than patients infected with genotype I (p=0.028). No other associations for gender, age, ethnicity, urogenital discharge or co-occurring STIs with\n                      <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotype were found.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MLST with nested PCR is a sensitive typing method that allows typing of direct (uncultured) patient material. Genotype II is possibly more prevalent in high-risk sexual networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]],"date-time":"2016-10-13T22:54:30Z","timestamp":1476399270000},"page":"e013997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multilocus sequence typing of\n                    <i>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/i>\n                    clinical samples from Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"C","family":"van der Veer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Public Health Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Himschoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Public Health Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S M","family":"Bruisten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Public Health Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051075"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/511278"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132894"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3182631c79"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001573"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051053"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1635-2"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051098"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.8.3004-3009.2000","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of metronidazole resistance in a population of Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates","volume":"38","author":"Snipes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.08.006"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.245","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Trichomonas vaginalis clinical isolates determined by EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphism of heat-shock protein 70 genes","volume":"80","author":"Meade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3093"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00643-12"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00128-11"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.08.002"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-011-9548-7"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2015.06.006","article-title":"Population structure and genetic diversity of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis in Bristol, UK","volume":"34","author":"Hawksworth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"2025121605445910000_6.10.e013997.20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections. 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Detection and molecular characterization of double-stranded RNA viruses in Philippine Trichomonas vaginalis isolates. 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