{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T19:31:58Z","timestamp":1774899118246,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"name":"Grant of College of Medicine, Korea University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the Korean population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A nationally representative population survey database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 42\u2009725 Koreans, aged 25\u201364 years, who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) II (2001) to VI (2013\u20132014).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major CVD risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender differences were noted in the time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Among men, low socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, but not with obesity, diabetes or hypertension. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes remained unchanged, and the magnitude of the inequality in hypertension decreased over time. However, among women, low SES was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Time trends towards increasing socioeconomic inequalities, measured by income, in smoking, obesity and diabetes were found in women. Unlike the other CVD risk factors, hypercholesterolaemia was not associated with socioeconomic inequality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SES had a stronger impact on major CVD risk factors among Korean women than men. Moreover, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes worsened among Korean women over time. Public policies to prevent smoking, obesity and diabetes in women with lower SES are needed to address inequalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T05:02:18Z","timestamp":1543986138000},"page":"e014070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Korean population: a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001\u20132014"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yoon Jung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Sung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juri","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong Seop","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doo Man","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic ok Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kee-Hyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ho Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sin Gon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juneyoung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.014563"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1990"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.117747"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0707519"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.25.3137"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.21.2348"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.11.806"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.49.4.363"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.9","unstructured":"National Statistical Office of Korea. http:\/\/kosis.kr\/statHtml\/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_2AS017&vw_cd=MT_RTITLE&list_id=R_SUB_OTITLE_OTIT_WBTIT_4004&seqNo=&lang_mode=ko&language=kor&obj_var_id=&itm_id=&conn_path=E1 (accessed 31\/07\/2016)."},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.10","unstructured":"Kang SW , Shin YS , Lee TJ , et al . A study on social polarization in Korea. Korea Institute\u00a0for Health and Social Affairs; 2007 (Korean)."},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt228"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.03.163"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.13.1481"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.14","unstructured":"Steering Committee of the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization. The International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Task Force. The Asia-Pacific perspective: redefining obesity and its treatment. Melbourne: Health Communications Australia Pty Ltd, 2000:8\u201355."},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001."},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.16","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC-7). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2004."},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 2002.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.19.2486"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000260","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequality in hypertension in Iran","volume":"32","author":"Fateh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2015.56.3.641","article-title":"Effect of socio-economic status on the prevalence of diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.13.1247"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2004.008011"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2006.02.010"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2004.04.006"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.24","unstructured":"Kim YI , Kang KH , Lee KS , et al . Increase in cigarette taxation and use of national health promotion fund. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Kwachon; 2003 (Korean)."},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.105"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.3.185"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00288-0"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg075"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2013.02.001"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-392","article-title":"Women show a closer association between educational level and hypertension or diabetes mellitus than males: a secondary analysis from the Austrian HIS","volume":"12","author":"Kautzky-Willer","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr158"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq106"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.2.269"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2012.662209","article-title":"Secular trends in prevalence of alcohol use disorder and its correlates in Korean adults: results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 and 2009","volume":"33","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.35","unstructured":"Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Health Statistics 2012, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANESV-3), Seoul, Korea; Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2013."},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2012.6.3.263","article-title":"Educational attainment and differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among middle-aged adults in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV","volume":"6","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2175-6"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi175"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5774","article-title":"Use of relative and absolute effect measures in reporting health inequalities: structured review","volume":"345","author":"King","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121511092272000_7.5.e014070.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4178\/epih\/e2014002","article-title":"The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES): current status and challenges","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014070","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T19:09:28Z","timestamp":1765825768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014070"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014070","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]}}}