{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:32:01Z","timestamp":1777487521974,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013398","name":"Innlandet Hospital Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To identify associations between the weight groups underweight (UW), overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) at 5\u2009years of age and exposures related to pregnancy, anthropometric measures at birth, sociodemographic factors, and family health, anthropometric measures and habits.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regional cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oppland County, Norway.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pregnancy data were obtained from a prospective perinatal register for children born in the county, and weight and height were measured by midwives at birth and by public health nurses at 5\u2009years. Other information was obtained from questionnaires completed by parents.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Of 1895 eligible children, current weight and height were obtained for all, weight and length at birth and information from parents for 1119 (59%) and pregnancy register data for 749 (40%) of the children. The significance of potential explanatory variables from descriptive statistics was tested in multinomial logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of UW, OW and OB among participants was 7.8%, 10.6% and 3.5%, respectively. UW was associated with anthropometric measures at birth and those of parents, but not with sociodemographic or behavioural characteristics. OW and OB were associated with anthropometric measures of parents and siblings and with a variety of unfavourable social characteristics, lack of prolonged breast feeding, sedentary behaviour and dental caries, but not with current dietary habits. After adjustments, OW and OB were marginally related to birth parameters and diet and unrelated to physical activity, but significantly related to parental body mass index, low parental education and maternal smoking.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The strong associations between sociodemographic and behavioural factors and OW and OB, but not with UW, may suggest that environmental factors are major contributing causes of OW and particularly OB at 5\u2009years. These results may be helpful in targeting preventive measures against OW and OB.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]],"date-time":"2017-08-18T20:10:20Z","timestamp":1503087020000},"page":"e014548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Social and somatic determinants of underweight, overweight and obesity at 5 years of age: a Norwegian regional cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Hilde Mjell","family":"Donkor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob Holter","family":"Grundt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9tur Benedikt","family":"J\u00fal\u00edusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geir Egil","family":"Eide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Hurum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bjerknes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trond","family":"Markestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00128-2"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19880"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x","article-title":"Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health","volume":"5 Suppl 1","author":"Lobstein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs311\/en\/ (accessed 1 jul 2016)."},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-806","article-title":"WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative: body mass index and level of overweight among 6-9-year-old children from school year 2007\/2008 to school year 2009\/2010","volume":"14","author":"Wijnhoven","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01730.x"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.8","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Proportion of overweight and obese children stable in Norway. https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/en\/all-news-by-year\/2016\/stabil-andel-barn-med-overvekt-og-fedme\/ (accessed 1 Jul 2016)."},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.177"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S229","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2329E","article-title":"Recommendations for prevention of childhood obesity","volume":"120 Suppl 4","author":"Davis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004502","article-title":"Parental marital status and childhood overweight and obesity in Norway: a nationally representative cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Biehl","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-842","article-title":"Adiposity among children in Norway by urbanity and maternal education: a nationally representative study","volume":"13","author":"Biehl","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00810.x"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.14","unstructured":"Statistics Norway. Underweight and overweight among girls and boys. 17-year old youth - every 10th girl underweight? [Undervekt og overvekt blant jenter og gutter. 17-\u00e5rige ungdommer - hvert 10. jente undervektig?]. http:\/\/www.ssb.no\/helse\/artikler-og-publikasjoner\/_attachment\/100639?_ts=13d35242ca0 (accessed 02 Dec 2017)."},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2007.00421.x"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.16","unstructured":"IOM (Institute of Medicine) NRC (National Research Council). Weight Gain during Pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: Press TNA, 2009."},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7244.1240"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39238.399444.55"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.19","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. The International classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI. apps.who.int\/bmi\/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html (accessed 18 Nov 2014)."},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012.759276"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079006440.x"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1309753"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14177"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512003443"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030153","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to weight, height, and BMI from birth to 19 years of age: an international study of over 12,000 twin pairs","volume":"7","author":"Dubois","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2008.27269"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0039"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.13"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061627","article-title":"Pre-pregnancy body mass index in relation to infant birth weight and offspring overweight\/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00989.x"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014002419","article-title":"Tracking of body size from birth to 7 years of age and factors associated with maintenance of a high body size from birth to 7 years of age--the Norwegian mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa)","volume":"18","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00867.x"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1416","article-title":"Body fat percentages measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry corresponding to recently recommended body mass index cutoffs for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 3-18 y","volume":"76","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(03)00061-3"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf128"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2010.23.3.215"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0488"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.79"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.39","first-page":"599","article-title":"Perinatal and parental determinants of childhood overweight in 6-12 years old children","volume":"27","author":"Santiago","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17477160802191122"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.077917"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/140349404100410019172","article-title":"Overweight and obesity among Norwegian schoolchildren: changes from 1993 to 2000","volume":"33","author":"Andersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdn037"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12066"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.08.003"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1539"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803455","article-title":"Children with a TV in their bedroom at higher risk for being overweight","volume":"31","author":"Adachi-Mejia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1267","article-title":"The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-121","article-title":"Childhood body mass index and subsequent physician-diagnosed asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"13","author":"Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.006395"},{"key":"2025101814513799000_7.8.e014548.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40608-016-0088-2","article-title":"Self-reported and measured weights and heights among adults in Seattle and King County","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Obes"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014548","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T21:51:47Z","timestamp":1760824307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014548"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014548","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}}}