{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T18:28:19Z","timestamp":1765736899051,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Almost a third of the world population has latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), \u223c10 million of whom develop TB disease annually, despite existence of effective, but lengthy, preventive and curative drug regimens. Although adolescents appear to have a very high force of LTBI, their reported incidence of TB disease is less than that of their corresponding general population. The few available studies on adolescent TB infection and disease prevalence are not sufficient to address the apparent discordance between rates of infection and disease in high TB burden countries in Africa. Therefore, we aim to perform a systematic review to examine the relationship between adolescent LTBI and TB disease, benchmarked against national TB disease burden data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive literature search will be performed for cross-sectional studies and screening data in cohort studies to determine the prevalence of LTBI and TB disease among adolescents in high TB burden countries in Africa in the following databases:\n                      <jats:italic>PubMed<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Scopus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Cochrane library<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Web of Science<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Africa Wide<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CINAHL and the Africa Index Medicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This will be supplemented by a search of reference lists of selected articles for potentially relevant articles. We will restrict our search to articles published in the English language between 1990 and 2016 among adolescents in order to obtain estimates reflective of the mature HIV epidemic in most high TB burden countries in Africa that occurred over this critical period. Primary end points are: prevalence of LTBI and TB disease. We will use the random-effects or fixed-effects modelling for our meta-analysis based on heterogeneity estimates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      No ethics approval is required given that this is a systematic review. Findings will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal in line with the\n                      <jats:italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses<\/jats:italic>\n                      (PRISMA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42015023495.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]],"date-time":"2017-03-10T20:10:19Z","timestamp":1489176619000},"page":"e014609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of latent TB infection and TB disease among adolescents in high TB burden countries in Africa: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Erick Wekesa","family":"Bunyasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bey-Marrie","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila Hussein","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccines for Africa Initiatives, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humphrey","family":"Mulenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Tameris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelique","family":"Luabeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Shenje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Scriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hennie","family":"Geldenhuys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Hatherill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.1","unstructured":"WHO U. The 2016 Global Tuberculosis Report. 2016. http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/ (accessed 28 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1704OC"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.3","unstructured":"Mahomed H . The incidence of tuberculosis in adolescents in the context of proposed TB vaccine trials. University of Cape Town, Theses 2013."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059652"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2013.02.007","article-title":"Screening for TB in high school adolescents in a high burden setting in South Africa","volume":"93","author":"Mahomed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu138"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.4587","article-title":"Tuberculosis control has failed in South Africa\u2014time to reappraise strategy","volume":"101","author":"Wood","year":"2011","journal-title":"SAMJ"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.8","first-page":"695","article-title":"Tuberculosis transmission in Kenya: results of the third National Tuberculin Survey","volume":"14","author":"Kwamanga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025098"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-221"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050074"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039246"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu403"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132840","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing shows a low proportion of tuberculosis disease is attributable to known close contacts in Rural Malawi","volume":"10","author":"Glynn","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.17","unstructured":"WHO U. Adolescent development. 2016. http:\/\/who.int\/maternal_child_adolescent\/topics\/adolescence\/dev\/en (accessed 6 Sep 2016)."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.18","unstructured":"RefWorks-COS P, ProQuest L. RefWorks. Ann Arbour, MI: ProQuest LLC, 2001.<QC: Please check with the PE as refs [18 and 29] are software references.>"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004747"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010213"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landis JR , Koch GG . The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977:159\u201374. doi:10.2307\/2529310","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.23","unstructured":"StataCorp LP. STATA 14.1 SE. 2015. http:\/\/www.stata.com\/ (accessed 18 Dec 2015)."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.24","unstructured":"GRADE. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. 2016. http:\/\/www.gradeworkinggroup.org\/ (accessed 11 Aug 2016)."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.11.1054"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Higgins JP , Green S . Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley Online Library, 2008.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e32833c148b"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.28","unstructured":"Borenstein M , Hedges LV , Higgins J , et al . Front matter. Wiley Online Library, 2009."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.29","unstructured":"Cochrane Collaboration. Review manager (RevMan) [computer program]. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.32","unstructured":"Cochrane handbook. Heterogeneity in meta-analysis. 2016. http:\/\/handbook.cochrane.org\/chapter_9\/9_5_2_identifying_and_measuring_heterogeneity.htm (accessed 1 Jun 2016)."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.33","unstructured":"Ryan R , Hill S , Broclain D , et al . Cochrane consumers and communication review group. Study Design Guide, 2009."},{"key":"2025121410264394000_7.3.e014609.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014609","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T18:26:50Z","timestamp":1765736810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014609","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]}}}