{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T19:58:51Z","timestamp":1790798331390,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Fundamental Research Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012245","name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was to aggregate the prevalence and risks of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) and determine the possible causes of the varied estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The search strategy was designed prospectively. We searched PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases from inception to July 2016. Reference lists of the included literatures were reviewed as well.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study selection<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surveys published in English language from any population were included if they had a population-based design and reported the prevalence of ERM from retinal photography with or without optical coherence tomography. Eligibility and quality evaluation was conducted independently by two investigators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature search generated 2144 records, and 13 population-based studies comprising 49\u2009697 subjects were finally included. The prevalence of ERM and the ORs of potential risk factors (age, sex, myopia, hypertension and so on) were extracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pooled age-standardised prevalence estimates of earlier ERM (cellophane macular reflex (CMR)), advanced ERM (preretinal macular fibrosis (PMF)) and any ERM were 6.5% (95% CI 4.2% to 8.9%), 2.6% (95% CI 1.8% to 3.4%) and 9.1% (95% CI 6.0% to 12.2%), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, race and photography modality contributed to the variation in the prevalence estimates of PMF, while the WHO regions and image reading methods were associated with the varied prevalence of CMR and any ERM. Meta-analysis showed that only greater age and female significantly conferred a higher risk of ERMs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that ERMs are relatively common among aged population. Race, image taking and reading methodology may play important roles in influencing the large variability of ERM prevalence estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,26]],"date-time":"2017-09-26T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1506456622000},"page":"e014644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors of epiretinal membranes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingguang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"},{"name":"Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000349"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.2","first-page":"403","article-title":"The epidemiology of epiretinal membranes","volume":"92","author":"Klein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8557"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung N , Tan SP , Lee SY , et al . Prevalence and risk factors for epiretinal membrane: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease study. Br J Ophthalmol 2016:bjophthalmol-2016-308563.doi:10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308563","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2016-308563"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.238","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of epiretinal membranes in an adult Japanese population: the Funagata study","volume":"23","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.032","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of epiretinal membranes in the visual impairment project","volume":"140","author":"McCarty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30190-0"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2624"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-307050"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.009"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1295"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.532218"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.07.017"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.15","unstructured":"Ahmad O , Boschi-Pinto C , Lopez A , et al . Age standardization of rates: a new who standard. Geneva: World Health Organization 2001. http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/paper31.pdf (accessed 20 June 2015)."},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.10.007"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.144626"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-003-0723-8"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051445","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of idiopathic epiretinal membranes in Beixinjing blocks, Shanghai, China","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21090","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21090","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study","volume":"6","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.10.014"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.11.009","article-title":"Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in 67 321 Adults: Associations with Macular Thickness in the UK Biobank Study","volume":"123","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10727"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.06.015"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.04.040","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and the natural history of age-related macular degeneration: the Beaver Dam Eye Study","volume":"121","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91315-2"},{"key":"2025101812392994000_7.9.e014644.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15046"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014644","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1760816382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014644"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014644"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014644","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}}}