{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T18:52:04Z","timestamp":1781376724311,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014578","name":"National Institute for Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014578","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004371","name":"Tampereen Yliopisto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Its epidemiological characteristics, however, are changing due to new vaccines and secular trends. Conjugate vaccines against\n                      <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      type b and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (10-valent) were introduced in 1986 and 2010 in Finland. We assessed the disease burden and long-term trends of five common causes of bacterial meningitis in a population-based observational study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A case was defined as isolation of\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      from cerebrospinal fluid and reported to national, population-based laboratory surveillance system during 1995\u20132014. We evaluated changes in incidence rates (Poisson or negative binomial regression), case fatality proportions (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and age distribution of cases (Wilcoxon rank-sum).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During 1995\u20132014,\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounted for 78% of the total 1361 reported bacterial meningitis cases.\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      accounted for 4% of cases (92% of isolates were non-type b). During the study period, the overall rate of bacterial meningitis per 1\u200900\u2009000 person-years decreased from 1.88 cases in 1995 to 0.70 cases in 2014 (4% annual decline (95% CI 3% to 5%). This was primarily due to a 9% annual reduction in rates of\n                      <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (95%\u2009CI 7% to 10%) and 2% decrease in\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (95%\u2009CI 1% to 4%). The median age of cases increased from 31 years in 1995\u20132004 to 43 years in 2005\u20132014 (p=0.0004). Overall case fatality proportion (10%) did not change from 2004 to 2009 to 2010\u20132014.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substantial decreases in bacterial meningitis were associated with infant conjugate vaccination against pneumococcal meningitis and secular trend in meningococcal meningitis in the absence of vaccination programme. Ongoing epidemiological surveillance is needed to identify trends, evaluate serotype distribution, assess vaccine impact and develop future vaccination strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,7]],"date-time":"2017-06-07T20:10:11Z","timestamp":1496866211000},"page":"e015080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Bacterial meningitis in Finland, 1995\u20132014: a population-based observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Polkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, L\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4rinkatu, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maija","family":"Toropainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Mannerheimintie, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Ollgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Mannerheimintie, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Outi","family":"Lyytik\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Mannerheimintie, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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