{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T22:32:27Z","timestamp":1774477947642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women from the Philippines form one of the largest immigrant groups to North America. Their newborns experience higher rates of preterm birth (PTB), and separately, small-for-gestational age (SGA) birth weight, compared with other East Asians. It is not known if Filipino women are at elevated risk of concomitant PTB and severe SGA (PTB\u2013SGA), a pathological state likely reflective of placental dysfunction and neonatal morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a population-based study of all singleton or twin live births in Ontario, from 2002 to 2011, among immigrant mothers from the Philippines (n=27\u2009946), Vietnam (n=15\u2009297), Hong Kong (n=5618), South Korea (n=5148) and China (n=42\u2009517). We used modified Poisson regression to generate relative risks (RR) of PTB-SGA, defined as a birth &lt;37 weeks\u2019 gestation and a birth weight &lt;5th percentile. RRs were adjusted for maternal age, parity, marital status, income quintile, infant sex and twin births.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative to mothers from China (2.3 per 1000), the rate of PTB\u2013SGA was significantly higher among infants of mothers from the Philippines (6.5 per 1000; RR 2.91, 95%\u2009CI 2.27 to 3.73), and those from Vietnam (3.7 per 1000; RR 1.68, 95%\u2009CI 1.21 to 2.34). The RR of PTB\u2013SGA was not higher for infants of mothers from Hong Kong or South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among infants born to immigrant women from five East Asian birthplaces, the risk of PTB\u2013SGA was highest among those from the Philippines. These women and their fetuses may require additional monitoring and interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]],"date-time":"2017-07-18T20:10:25Z","timestamp":1500408625000},"page":"e015386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Concomitant preterm birth and severe small-for-gestational age birth weight among infants of immigrant mothers in Ontario originating from the Philippines and East Asia: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison L","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Jairam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel G","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine, Health Policy Management and Evaluation, and Obstetrics and Gynecology St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)91325-4"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.07.025","article-title":"Ischemic placental disease: epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"159","author":"Ananth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60993-9"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005183422007"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30070-6","article-title":"Risk of preterm birth according to maternal and paternal country of birth: a population-based study","volume":"37","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)35432-9","article-title":"One size does not fit all: differences in newborn weight among mothers of Philippine and other East Asian origin","volume":"34","author":"De Souza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34424-3","article-title":"Elevated risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes among Filipina-Canadian women","volume":"32","author":"Fuller-Thomson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.73","article-title":"Preterm preeclampsia in relation to country of birth","volume":"36","author":"Ray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"2025121410091851000_7.7.e015386.9","unstructured":"Immigration and Ethnoculutural Diversity in Canada: Statistics Canada. 2013. https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/nhs-enm\/2011\/as-sa\/99-010-x\/99-010-x2011001-eng.cfm. 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