{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T20:39:15Z","timestamp":1772051955734,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000848","name":"University Of Edinburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Assess the impact of selective prohibition and seizure of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) supply on NPS use prevalence within psychiatric admissions and evaluate demographic characteristics of current NPS users.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n A 6-month retrospective cross-sectional analysis of discharge letters between 1 October 2015 and 31 March 2016.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n General psychiatry inpatients and intensive home treatment team (IHTT) community patients at a psychiatric hospital in a Scottish city.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n All participants were between the ages of 18 and 65 years. After application of exclusion criteria, 473 discharge letters of general psychiatry patients were deemed suitable for analysis and 264 IHTT patient discharge letters were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n A nationwide temporary class drug order (TCDO) was placed on 10 April 2015 reclassifying methylphenidate-related compounds as class B substances. On 15 October 2015, local forfeiture orders were granted to trading standards permitting the seizure of NPS supplies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome measure was to determine the prevalence of NPS use in two cohorts. Second, demographic features of patients and details regarding their psychiatric presentation were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The prevalence of NPS use in general psychiatry and IHTT patients was 6.6% and 3.4%, respectively. Inpatients using NPS compared with non-users were more likely to be men (OR 2.92, 95%\u2009CI 1.28 to 6.66, P=0.009), have a forensic history (OR 5.03, CI 2.39 to 10.59, P<0.001) and be detained under an Emergency Detention Certificate (OR 3.50, CI 1.56 to 7.82, P=0.004). NPS users were also more likely to be diagnosed under International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Version 10, F10\u201319 (OR 9.97, CI 4.62 to 21.49, P<0.001).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Compared with previous work, psychiatric inpatient NPS use has fallen. NPS continue to be used by a demographic previously described resulting in presentations consistent with a drug-induced psychosis and at times requiring detention under the Mental Health Act. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness of the recent prohibition of all NPS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,4]],"date-time":"2017-12-04T00:30:15Z","timestamp":1512347415000},"page":"e015716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Characteristics of NPS use in patients admitted to acute psychiatric services in Southeast Scotland: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis following public health interventions"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3922-7056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyle H","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Edinburgh College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen M","family":"Hare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert M","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"He Puna Waiora Adult Mental Health Inpatient Unit, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen L","family":"Alderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Queen Margaret Hospital, Dunfermline, Fife, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Lawrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Action on new drugs, 2016. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/activities\/action-on-new-drugs (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w14043","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2015.14043","article-title":"Novel psychoactive substances (designer drugs): overview and pharmacology of modulators of monoamine signaling","volume":"145","author":"Liechti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Swiss Med Wkly"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.3","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. \u00a0New psychoactive substances inEurope. An update from the EU Early Warning System, 2015. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/65\/TD0415135ENN.pdf (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346678"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2014.944291"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.10.010","article-title":"Mortality related to novel psychoactive substances in Scotland, 2012: an exploratory study","volume":"26","author":"McAuley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.7","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. New psychoactive substances \u2014 Understanding the market for new psychoactivesubstances in Europe. EU drug markets report, 2016. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/eu-drug-markets\/2016\/online\/new-psychoactive-substances\/market (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.8","unstructured":"Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Methylphenidate-based NPS: a review of the evidence of use and harm, 2015. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/420983\/TCDO_methylphenidate_NPS.pdf (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0036933016649871"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.10","unstructured":"Home Office. Annual report on the home office forensic early warning system (FEWS) a system to identify new psychoactive substances in the UK. 2012 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/225840\/fews.pdf (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.11","unstructured":"Bluelight.org. Bluelight \u2013 forum \u2013 focus forums, other drugs \u2013 Ethylphenidate. 2010 http:\/\/www.bluelight.org\/vb\/threads\/499397-Ethylphenidate (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1906-z"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1033062","article-title":"Nopaine no gain: recreational ethylphenidate toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Bailey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.14","first-page":"SART.S22495","article-title":"\"Chasing the high\" - experiences of ethylphenidate as described on international internet forums","volume":"9","author":"Soussan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Abuse"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20174"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.08.008"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.045","article-title":"Seven fatalities associated with ethylphenidate","volume":"265","author":"Maskell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.18","unstructured":"United Kingdom Parliament. The Misuse of drugs act 1971 (Temporary Class Drug) Order2015. S.I. 2015\/1027, 2015."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.19","unstructured":"Home Office. Circular 015\/2015: temporary control of 5 methylphenidate-based NPS. 2015 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/circular-0152015-temporary-control-of-5-methylphenidate-based-nps\/circular-0152015-temporary-control-of-5-methylphenidate-based-nps (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.20","unstructured":"Iverson L . Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs. Re: TCDOs and ACMD position on methylphenidate-based NPS. 2016 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/503873\/TCDO_Letter_-_phenidates_and_12_month_29_Feb_2016.pdf (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.21","unstructured":"Bury J . The City of Edinburgh Council Health, Social Care and Housing Committee . Novel psychoactive substances \u2013 trading standards enforcement action . 2015 www.edinburgh.gov.uk\/download\/meetings\/id\/48793\/item710novelpsychoactive_subsdtancestrading_standards_enforcementaction (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.22","unstructured":"United Kingdom Parliament. Psychoactive Substances Act, 2016."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcs107"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.155"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009430","article-title":"Use of novel psychoactive substances by inpatients on general adult psychiatric wards","volume":"6","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.26","unstructured":"InterSystems. TrakCare \u2013 Unified healthcare information system, 2016. http:\/\/www.intersystems.com\/our-products\/trakcare\/trakcare-overview-2\/ (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.27","unstructured":"SAP. SAP BusinessObjects Business Intelligence, 2016. http:\/\/go.sap.com\/uk\/product\/analytics\/bi-platform.html (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: World Health Organization, 2004."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.29","unstructured":"Scottish Parliament. Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003. a.s.p. 13, 2003."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.30","unstructured":"Scottish Care Information - Information Services of the NHS National Services Scotland. SCI Store, 2015. http:\/\/www.sci.scot.nhs.uk\/products\/store\/store_main.htm (accessed 21 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.31","unstructured":"Crew 2000. Crew \u2013 Drugs Index. 2016. http:\/\/m.crewknowledge.com\/ListAllDrugs.php (accessed 4 Dec. 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.32","unstructured":"Adley M . Drug Watch. The drugs wheel \u2013 a new model for substance awareness. 2017 http:\/\/www.thedrugswheel.com\/downloads\/TheDrugsWheel_2_0_4.pdf (accessed 26 May 2017)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1033630","article-title":"Intoxications by the dissociative new psychoactive substances diphenidine and methoxphenidine","volume":"53","author":"Helander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.34","unstructured":"Chemical Lab. K-PAX | Chemical Lab. 2015 http:\/\/chemicallab.co.uk\/product\/k-pax\/ (accessed 26 May 2017)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.35","unstructured":"Shapiro H D . NPS come of age: A UK overview.2016 http:\/\/www.drugwise.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/NPSComeofAge.pdf (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.06.012"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.37","unstructured":"Kjellgren A , Andersson M . Aspects of substance displacement-from Illicit drugs to novel psychoactive substances. J Addict Res Ther 2016."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1181179","article-title":"Self-reported use of novel psychoactive substances among attendees of electronic dance music venues","volume":"42","author":"Palamar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2312"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.40","unstructured":"Home Office. News story \u2013 Festivals warned over drug use, 2011. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/festivals-warned-over-drug-use (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.41","unstructured":"Lader D . Home Office. Drug misuse: findings from the 2014\/15 crime survey for england and wales. 2015 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/462885\/drug-misuse-1415.pdf (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.42","unstructured":"Public Health England. New psychoactive substances: toolkit for commissioners, 2014. http:\/\/www.nta.nhs.uk\/uploads\/nps-a-toolkit-for-substance-misuse-commissioners.pdf. (accessed 4 Dec. 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.43","unstructured":"Novel Psychoactive Treatment UK Network \u2013 NEPTUNE. Guidance on the clinical management of acute and chronic harm of club drugs and novel psychoactive substances. 2015 http:\/\/neptune-clinical-guidance.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/NEPTUNE-Guidance-March-2015.pdf (accessed 4 Dec 2016)."},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.001","article-title":"Detection of \"bath salts\" and other novel psychoactive substances in hair samples of ecstasy\/MDMA\/\"Molly\" users","volume":"161","author":"Palamar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.12.049"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2013.04.043"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12297","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of novel psychoactive substances \u2019legal highs' on people with severe mental illness","volume":"23","author":"Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.48","first-page":"17","article-title":"Psychoactive Substances Act 2013","volume":"53","author":"Parliament NZ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Public Act"},{"key":"2025120519010509000_7.12.e015716.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.10.005","article-title":"Legally flawed, scientifically problematic, potentially harmful: The UK Psychoactive Substance Bill","volume":"26","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015716","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T03:01:18Z","timestamp":1764990078000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}}}